How Biobutanol Can Be Used as a Motor Fuel

Biobutanol is four-carbon alcohol derived from the fermentation of biomass. When it is produced from petroleum-based feedstocks, its commonly called butanol. Biobutanol is in the same family as other commonly known alcohols, namely single-carbon methanol, and the more-well-known two-carbon alcohol ethanol. The importance of the number of carbon atoms in any given molecule of alcohol is directly related to the energy content of that particular molecule. The more carbon atoms present, especially in a long carbon-to-carbon bond chains, the denser in energy the alcohol is. Breakthroughs in biobutanol processing methods, namely the discovery and development of genetically modified microorganisms, has set the stage for biobutanol to surpass ethanol as a renewable fuel. Once considered usable only as an industrial solvent and chemical feedstock, biobutanol shows great promise as a motor fuel due to its favorable energy density, and it returns better fuel economy and is considered a superior motor fuel (when compared to ethanol). Biobutanol Production Biobutanol is derived mainly from the fermentation of the sugars in organic feedstocks (biomass). Historically, up until about the mid-50s, biobutanol was fermented from simple sugars in a process that produced acetone and ethanol, in addition to the butanol component. The process is known as ABE (Acetone Butanol Ethanol) and has used unsophisticated (and not particularly hearty) microbes such as Clostridium acetobutylicum. The problem with this type of microbe is that it is poisoned by the very butanol it produces once the alcohol concentration rises above approximately 2 percent. This processing problem caused by the inherent weakness of generic-grade microbes, plus inexpensive and abundant (at the time) petroleum gave way to the simpler and cheaper distillation-from-petroleum method of refining butanol. My, how times change. In recent years, with petroleum prices heading steadily upwards, and worldwide supplies getting tighter and tighter, scientists have revisited the fermentation of sugars for the manufacturing of biobutanol. Great strides have been made by researchers in creating â€Å"designer microbes† that can tolerate higher concentrations of butanol without being killed off. The ability to withstand harsh high concentration alcohol environments, plus the superior metabolism of these genetically enhanced bacteria has fortified them with the endurance necessary to degrade the tough cellulosic fibers of biomass feedstocks such as pulpy woods and switchgrass. The door has been kicked open and the reality of cost competitive, if not cheaper, renewable alcohol motor fuel is upon us. Advantages So, all of this fancy chemistry and intense research notwithstanding, biobutanol has many advantages over here-to-fore easier-to-produce ethanol. Biobutanol has a higher energy content than ethanol, so there is a much lower loss of fuel economy. With an energy content of about 105,000 BTUs/gallon (versus ethanol’s approximate 84,000 BTUs/gallon), biobutanol is much closer to the energy content of gasoline (114,000 BTUs/gallon).Biobutanol can be easily blended with conventional gasoline at higher concentrations than ethanol for use in unmodified engines. Experiments have shown that biobutanol can run in an unmodified conventional engine at 100 percent, but to date, no manufacturers will warrant use of blends higher than 15 percent.Because it is less susceptible to separation in the presence of water (than ethanol), it can be distributed via conventional infrastructure (pipelines, blending facilities and storage tanks). There’s no need for a separate distribution network.It is less corrosive than ethanol. Not only is biobutanol a higher-grade more energy dense fuel, but it is also less explosive than ethanol.EPA te st results show that biobutanol reduces emissions, namely hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Exact values depend upon the engine state of tune. But that’s not all. Biobutanol as a motor fuel—with its long chain structure and preponderance of hydrogen atoms—could be used as a stepping-stone in bringing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to the mainstream. One of the biggest challenges facing hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development is the storage of onboard hydrogen for sustainable range and the lack of hydrogen infrastructure for fueling. The high hydrogen content of butanol would make it an ideal fuel for onboard reforming. Instead of burning the butanol, a reformer would extract the hydrogen to power the fuel cell. Disadvantages It is not common for one fuel type to have so many obvious advantages without at least one glowing disadvantage; however, with biobutanol versus ethanol argument, that doesn’t appear to be the case. Currently, the only real disadvantage is there are many more ethanol refining facilities than biobutanol refineries. And while ethanol refining facilities far outnumber those for biobutanol, the possibility of retrofitting ethanol plants to biobutanol is feasible. And as refinements continue with genetically modified microorganisms, the feasibility of converting plants becomes greater and greater. It’s clear that biobutanol is the superior choice over ethanol as a gasoline additive and perhaps eventual gasoline replacement. For the past 30 years or so ethanol has had most of the technological and political support and has seeded the market for renewable alcohol motor fuel. Biobutanol is now poised to pick up the mantle.

Creative Writing The Story Of Life - 1435 Words

The platform dominated the small briefing room, with short rows of ageing white tables and grey plastic chairs surrounding it. As he looked ahead, Tom smiled at the oversized Erratech logo emblazoned on the wall. The gleaming surface glared in contrast to the fading decor. As he reached the front, he rolled to face the crowd. To steady his nerves and compose his mind, he leafed through the bundle of notes he held in his left hand, then after a brief pause, he drew a deep, slow breath and gazed around the room. The last of his team were taking their places, and even though he was eager to begin, he waited. Finally, they turned their rapt attention towards him, and at once everyone fell silent. To address them together was a rarity. An†¦show more content†¦Tomorrow, well be departing this charming place we call home in a ship named, Obsidia. Boo. Its a fix, Michael called out, grinning beside Moira. Tom winked at his brother. And for anyone still wondering, yes, it was my suggestion. As he searched the reactions of the group, he found his sudden need for their acceptance curious and odd. And I have a pleasant surprise. For a few of you at least. For those who arent involved in the launch, Harold, our Ground Crew Supervisor, and his team are preparing a spectators pen in front of the hangar. With a respectful nod, he acknowledged the huge man in the dirty overalls by the back wall. Its for staff only. Sorry, no friends or family members, but youll be able to watch first hand what youve worked so hard to achieve, as long as you remember to stay within the designated section. Tom paused again and smiled. He could see from their astonished stares it wasnt expected, the standard protocol was for everyone to remain inside the compound throughout a launch. And while were here together. Does anyone have any concerns they need to raise? As he stared at the blank expressions accompanying the shaking heads, he experienced a flood of relief. Thats fantastic. 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It allows me to express my own individuality. Writing may be known as a bore to others who cant seem to find their own writing style, but if you have that gift of writing it comes easy no matter what subject or topic. That s where my likin g for writing comes in. I ve always been able to take a topic and write about it without any problems. Once my brain gets going, its hard to stop. Several yearsRead MoreWork Report, English Extension 21534 Words   |  7 Pagesavailable in Extension 2, I chose to write a short story as the creative aspect of this option was appealing. The reality of this course was not exactly what I had initially expected, and the first two terms which were nearly purely investigative were challenging. I believe that if I had begun writing earlier, and implementing research only when necessary, I would have made more progress by now. My intention was to write a series of 3 short stories, set in 3 different countries (Australia, Japan,

Logistics & Supply Chain Management NSW

Question: Discuss about the Logistics Supply Chain Managementfor NSW. Answer: Introduction Logistics management is the part of supply chain management (Farahani, Shabnam Rezapour Kardar, 2011). It refers to the effective and efficient working of the process of the point of origin on the manufacturers part and point of consumption on the customers part in order to meet out the demands of the customers. This involves all the information, storage, inflow and outflow of goods and services. It is important because it manages the overall functions of the organization and not just parts of it. It adds value to the goodwill of the company. The current report is on the Qube Holdings of Australia which is in Sydney, NSW. It was founded in 2010 and it deals in logistics and infrastructure (Qube, 2017). The report will discuss the problems that are faced by the organization occurring in the current logistics network of NSW, the solution to resolve the problem and the role of NSW government in resolving the problems. Apart from this, it will also discuss the logistics strategies to re solve the problem and recommendations. Problems Faced by the Company in Current Logistics Network in NSW When it comes to logistics the first word coming to the mind is transportation but it is more than that because it involves various other important activities also (Zezzatti Ochoa, 2012). The problems/challenges that are faced by the organization in the current scenario are of various types: Geographical, legislative, environmental, technological, demographical and other challenges (Stewart, 2011). These are needed to be taken care of in order to have a systematic functioning of the whole of the organization. Geographical Problems It can be further divided into two which are regional and urban problems. These are related to the natural or man-made structures of the Earth. Urban Problems The urban problems that the logistics organization faces are the toll roads, traffic jams and changes in the roads. These problems affect the proper transportation of goods and services and therefore, the working of the organization (Fernie Sparks, 2014). Traffic congestion is a daily challenge for the company especially during the peak hours which affects the smooth functioning of the organization. Road changes are another big task for the logistics company in order to meet out the day to day functions. There is one-ways on roads which many a times increases the travel time of the drivers. Roads which have hospitals and schools usually prohibit the entry of heavy vehicles. Free and motorways are constructed in order to avoid the problems of traffic jams but these have toll roads which incurs cost to the companies. In relation to this the companies are required to keep aside the toll expenses for the smooth functioning and to keep the process going. This will also enable the compani es have a regular and efficient route. Regional Problems They are related to the conditions and network of roads present across the country. In respect to this company face problems of the poor conditions of the roads which increases the travel time and also the chances of mishappening during the transit. It also deals with the problems of the non-connectivity of the roads with the parts of the city. Less number of the petrol pumps on highways and freeways is also another big problem. Animals are one of a great threat while travelling as they come in between the roads. Hence, they are a threat to not only the goods rather also the people. Legislative Problems They are those which are related to the national regulations which are imposed on transportation of goods and services. The funds provided by the government are withdrawn because of their strict budget. Railways and roads inaccessibility is also a hurdle for the logistics. Inspections on the export and import of the goods will involve time and therefore, will lead to loss of business to the company. Environmental Problems The above challenge has evolved over the period of time in order to encourage companies to go green and protect the environment around them. This involves the problems related to the awareness of the climate conditions. One of the big problems is to operate by reducing the waste of the companies in order to promote the company towards the sustainable working. Natural calamities are also one of the obstacles which can affect the logistics management. Technological Problems These problems are associated with the risks which are involved with the technological up gradation which results into huge costs. Another problem is the extreme dependence on the technology as most of the information is saved in the systems. Installation of new systems is another problem as employees need time to cope with them. This involves training cost and time required to update the information in the new systems. Demographical Problems Demographic factors like age are a barrier as the older people who work even after their retirement age in order to have money for their future life. They act as a barrier as they have occupied the opportunities of the young people. They are very much rigid to changes and new advancements taking place and it is also very difficult to train them in comparison to the old people. Physically also they are weaker as compared to the young ones. Other Problems Some of the other challenges are the threat to market entrants, increase in the prices of fuel, safety of the goods and maintenance. Threat of new entry will reduce the market share of the company. Increase in the fuel prices will increase the overall cost which will therefore, pass the burden of the cost to the ultimate consumers by rise in the prices. Maintenance and safety of inventory and goods in transit involves costs to the company. Resolution of Problem For resolving the problems in logistics companies should follow the logistics process which is divided into four steps: acquisition, distribution, sustainment and disposition. The problems discussed above needs to be solved as the company should pay more attention in planning and implementation of the logistics because the whole organization depends on it. Coordination among the factors improves the working of the organization (Christopher, 2016). The managers should organize meetings with the workers and the drivers because they are the key people who will execute the task planned by the mangers. Mangers will have to make them understand the problems which might occur in the execution and the ways through which they can get rid of it. Training should be given to the people involved in the logistics management regarding the material handling, order fulfilment, customer service, warehousing, transportation management and inventory and freight management. Route planning is very much important as far as the transportation of goods is concerned. Driver training is very important for the fuel efficiency. The company should recruit those who have experience and knowledge of routes and the ability to deal with problems that might occur during transit. The pricing of the transportation must be commodity based and the mode of transportation can also shift to a cheap mode in order to make the organization competitive in the market. Reduction in the costs of freight will therefore, lead to the cheap transportation and finally, decrease in the prices of the product (QUBE, 2013). The company should select the mode of transport with proper analysis so that unwanted expenses incurred while choosing an expensive mode can be reduced. The company should make an on-going effort for improving the production methods in order to reduce the amount of wastes. They should also use advanced green technologies in their warehouses like solar plants to save the electricity and reduce their costs. Employee satisfaction is also very important factor for the management of inventory as the more they will be satisfied with their job the more they will be productive. This can be done by reducing their pressure by allowing them to take breaks in their work to relax and release stress. Proper cooling stations should be present in warehouses in order to get rid of the heat. Company should also go for job rotation for the employees who are older so that younger people can come forward and perform. The older ones should be given training and support for their new roles. Quotas should be framed in the company policy for the people working above the age of retirement. The company execute the logistics strategies into steps to ensure smooth functioning and enable corrective options to be taken then and there. Restrictions related to the import and exports should be strictly followed so that the company do not enter into any violation of the rules. Moreover, if they follow proper guidelines they will make plans for future. Role of NSW Government in the Resolution of Problems In any economy, the role of the government is very much important in order to control the market functioning. The government formulate rules and regulations for the export and import policies of the country (Decker, 2014). They formulate and implement tariff and non-tariff barriers on the movement of goods and services in order to control the in and out activities of companies dealing in logistics of goods and services. The current company works under the NSW government, Australia. Therefore, the government also plays a vital role in solving the problems of logistics and supply chain management of company across the country. The role of NSW in the resolution of problems can be that the government will have to work on the improvement in the road conditions because it is a continuous process. With respect to this it the responsibility of the government to manage and take care of the infrastructure and development of the country. Government should also take initiatives as far as the gre en technologies are concerned because with their help only the wind and solar plants can be evolved. Better roads will ensure better travel i.e. roads with warning signs, directions and proper road lights will help less of mishappening and smooth functioning. Regular monitoring and improvement of the early roads should be done by the government. All the freeways, motorways and toll roads should have feedback and grievance cell so that travellers can communicate their problems and suggestions to the development department. This will ensure the growth of country as well as the companies. In relation to this revenues of the companies will increase the per capita and national income of the country. Government should improve the public transport facilities so that transporting of heavy loads can be done through them. Like, railways can be better option for heavy loads and it is also cheap in comparison to other means of transport. Government can also provide land space to the owners of t he warehouses away from the city area in order to ensure smooth functioning entire day. Specific timings can be set for the heavy vehicles especially timings other than the office timings. In addition to this, it will benefit them as this will reduce the travel time because of less rush on roads. Modification of roads is also a big need in order to provide good experience to the drivers as this will give them satisfaction and motivate them to take trips for any of the areas and not be specific for routes. Hence, the government is one of the important factors in dealing with the logistics and supply chain management across the country in respect to the study of problems and their resolution. Conclusion The current report concludes that the company working in the logistics and supply chain management has to take care of various problems and challenges that come in between their processes. Analysis of such problems and their corrective solutions are required from their part. This step will ensure the process as completed when they will deliver the right goods and services at the right place and on the right time. The role of the NSW government is very important as they will help in the effective running of the companies because government intervention is essential with respect to the setting of policies which will encourage the businesses to earn and therefore, the better income of the country. Recommendations On the basis of the above report this can be recommended that the company should introduce new ERP systems so that this will help in multiple tasks like providing real time data, tool for the employees, each department will be connected, increase the transparency and decrease in their miscommunication. Internal training should be given to the employees of the whole process and understanding of the supply chain management process. Apart from this, there must be backup plans ready for any failure or risks which might occur anytime. An efficient logistics coordinator should be appointed who must have real time experience in the same field and the ability to coordinate among different people and centres like manufacturing plant, suppliers, distribution centres, assembly plant, dock, carrier, freight forwarder and customer. The right candidate should also have a team of people to manage all the above responsibilities. Management of costs is also a great concern for the company as the high logistics and supply costs will increase the price of goods and services and the consumers expectations are low with respect to the price of the product. Therefore, costs are needed to be managed. Strong supply chain network is also advisable to the company in order to avoid the unnecessary delays in dispatch and deliveries. The network will deal with all the activities of demand, supply, manufacturing, transportation (international and domestic), inventory and distribution (scdigest, 2012). References Christopher, M., 2016, Logistics supply chain management, Pearson, UK. Decker, M., 2014, Last Mile Logistics for Disaster Relief Supply Chain Management: Challenges and Opportunities for Humanitarian Aid and Emergency Relief, Anchor Academic Publishing, Deutschland. Farahani, R, Rezapour, S Kardar, L., 2011, Logistics Operations and Management: Concepts and Models, Elsevier, Walthman, USA. Fernie, J. Sparks, L., 2014, Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. QUBE, 2013, Submission to the review of NSW rail access regime, viewed 20 January 2017, from https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/freight/rail-access-review-qube-logistics.pdf. Qube, 2017, viewed 20 January 2017, from https://www.qube.com.au/about/history. Scdigest, 2012, Recommendations for supply chain visibility success, viewed 21 January 2017, from https://www.scdigest.com/ASSETS/ON_TARGET/12-05-01-1.php. Stewart, N, 2011, Australian logistics challenges and solutions to overcome them, viewed 20 January 2017, from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/35105/Stewart_Neil.pdf?sequence=1 Zezzatti, O Ochoa, C, A., 2012, Logistics Management and Optimization through Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Systems, IGI Global, USA.

Unc Sucks, Duke Rules Essays - , Term Papers

Unc Sucks, Duke Rules Tar Heels Ladies and Gentlemen: Welcome to Cyber SAT 1,000. The Intercollegiate College Athletic Aptitude (ICAA) Organization has requested this {cyber-SAT} test to be used in its future polling and data compiling services. Please answer the following questions: All are multipule choice: QUESTION # 1{ Who is the only coach to ever be ejected from a Final Four? A. Jerry Tarkanian B. Hulk Hogan C. Dean Smith D.Sylvia Hatchell QUESTION # 2 Who is the only assistant coach in NCAA Basketball to attempt to assault the referee who ejected that teams head coach? A. Elderly retiree B. The Mummy C. Bill Guthridge D. Mr Spock. QUESTION # 3 When a UNC co-ed wakes up in the morning she: A. Goes home. B. Grazes C.Collects her Money and leaves the motel D.Realizes she wasn't left any money and gets throw in jail for not being able to pay for the motel room QUESTION # 4 Unc's main recruiting areas in the 1990's are: A. Europe B. Central Prison- C.Outer Space D. all of the above QUESTION # 5 The reason the Dean Smith Center seats over 20,000 is: A. More fat cats to pay more moola B.Needed an arena with a large air space to fit all those egos inside it. C.Needed more space to shove the students back to. D.Stick the Tax Payers with a higher maintence fee thus ensuring a tax write-off since the dump loses money every year. QUESTION # 6 The Toughest course for the Mens UNC Basketball team is: A. Basketweaving 101 B. Study Hall C. Maps 101 (to help locate where tiny schools are that beat them in the Tourney) D. rebounding 101 (for Haywood) QUESTION # 7 in order to get season tickets and a good seat to UNC Men's Home Games one must: A. Order a season ticket package and make a 300,000 dollar donation to the coffers. B. Promise to car pool so the parking lot won't be so confusing with 20,000 Lexus and BMW'S all over the place C.Be able to lift your nose a few inches higher than the average canary. D.Promise not to cheer loudly so you won't hurt Mrs Thurstons ears. QUESTION # 8 Head to Head Games mean so much to Tarheel fans because: A. It helps them forget previous failures B.They think it has something to do with Linda Lovelace. C.hey, if Bill does it why can't they? D.It's the only comeback they have when Duke and Kentucky fans discuss team of the 90's QUESTION # 9 Bill Guthridge is a favorite coach amongst the other ACC fans because: A. The man hasn't seen and X or an O since he played tic-tac-toe as a child B. He reminds them that they're really not over the hill. C. He's helped Duke recruit another stockpile of talent. D. They all want to keep embarrassing the Heels. QUESTION # 10 what are 10 major differences between Duke and UNC FANS: 1. Duke Camping Out UNC Leaving Early. 2.Duke- Parking Improvements paid for with alumni donations. UNC-Parking improvements paid for with 1.2 million dollars in taxpayer money 3. Duke: Valedictorians UNC: Marginal Qualifiers 4. Duke: Going to Games to see Basketball. UNC: Going to Games to be seen 5. Duke:Disdainful fans UNC: Fans with massive inferiority complex 6. Duke: Three National Defensive Players Of The Year UNC:Greatest Defensive Accomplishment: Coach holds Jordan under 20 ppg. 7. Duke: Cameron Chaos UNC: Golf claps 8. Duke: Players majoring in History and Pre-med UNC: Players majoring in General studies 9.Duke: The Cameron Crazies UNC: The Fat-Cat alumni 10. Duke: Competitive admissions UNC: decent pulse? you're in!! QUESTION # 11 what is the top crime amongst Unc Basketball Players Historically: A. Beat UP Girlfriends B. Beat up someone in a bar C. resisting arrest D.all of the above and more QUESTION # 12 Unc fans hate Duke head coach Mike Krzyzewski because: A.Has a better Final Four record than any coach they've ever had B.won his 2 before Dean C.Steals their recruits on a consistent basis these days which is something NCSU could never do. D. Triple Crown has increased the rabid hatred 10 fold. QUESTION # 13 Name the top 5 weapons and suspects most commonly accused in the Board Game called CLUE A. Col Mustard- ROPE B. Mrs Peacock-REVOLVER C. JEff Mcinnis- LEADPIPE D. Professer Plum-POISON QUESTION # 14, what are the top 5 things UNC fans will be doing this spring A.attacking Duke B.Praying to Buddha,Koran,Bible, that Brand and Avery turn pro C.searching all the maps in the public libraries to find out once and for all where the Hell weber state actually is D.Convincing themselves that another great crop of incoming recruits at Duke either: A ALL SUCK B OR THEY