A Midsummer Night’s Dream: the Confusion of Dreams

Kelly Johnson ENGL 3000-006 Remien March 5, 2010 Paper 1 The Confusion of Dreams You are falling faster and faster through the pale blue sky with no parachute and nothing to grab on to. The shards of rock below seem to get sharper and sharper as a wave of terror and hopelessness takes over. You are just moments away from certain death when all of the sudden you wake up and realize it was all a dream. In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, he uses the power of dreams to construct the possibility of an alternate reality. A Midsummer Night’s Dream has many crude elements, which may have been offensive to many members of the audience, possibly causing the removal of his play. In order to combat this potential problem, Shakespeare adds Puck’s final speech to serve as an apology. Instead of using a simple apology though, Shakespeare attempts to convince the audience members they too were in a dream by linking the audience to the characters of the play, powerful discourse and imagery. All of these elements allow the reader or viewer to feel at ease instead of resentment as the play commences. The final speech of A Midsummer Night’s Dream at first seems out of place. As this play is a comedy, Oberon’s final speech appears to be the perfect ending. However, the last words go to Puck, the fairy responsible for all of the mischief seen throughout the play, as he tries to fill the audience with a sense of peace by playing with the idea of dreams. In concurrence with the title, dreams are a dominant element throughout the play. Instead of the lovers questioning anything that previously happened, they just accept they all had the same dream, which allows them to happily continue with their lives as all peace was restored. This speech offers an extension of the possibility that it was all a dream to the audience. Puck calls on the audience to think, â€Å"That you have but slumbered here/ While these visions did appear† (5. 1. 417-418). Puck and the other fairies were able to mend all of the problems between the lovers and this speech should do just the same for the audience. If everything previously witnessed is only a dream, then there is no need for outrage and â€Å"all is mended† (5. 1. 416). By creating a dream-like environment, the focus turns from the drama that unfolded throughout the play to the mystical and humorous occurrences. This enables the audience to feel sense of closure. In addition to relating the audience to the characters, the use of discourse aids to the dream-like sense. Throughout A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the way language is used plays an important role in the message Shakespeare is portraying and the final speech is no different, with the language used mirroring the language throughout the play. The final lines of the play extend upon the use of binary opposites. Throughout this speech, Puck offers conflicting ideas that cause further confusion for the audience, similar to the way dreams are viewed as perplexing upon waking up. Puck insists â€Å"And, as I am an honest Puck, If we have enearned luck Now to scape the serpent’s tongue, We will make amends ere long; Else the Puck a liar call. † (5. 1. 415-420) The contraction between â€Å"honest† and â€Å"liar† is blatant and it is impossible to be both. Additionally, while this is an apology as Puck attempts to gain the audience’s trust, this speech is filled with dangerous images, such as â€Å"serpent’s tongue;† adding a sense of doubt and unease. This confusion further adds to the dream-like sense Shakespeare is trying to create. In addition to the binary opposites that are used, this speech is spoken in such a way that it has a feeling of a lullaby. After suggesting the fact everything previously witnessed may have been a dream, Puck utters the lines â€Å"And this weak and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream, Gentles, do not reprehend, If you pardon, we will mend. † (5. 1. 419-422) While throughout the play, various other characters spoke lyrically, these lyrically spoken lines sound like something out of a lullaby, as if Puck wants the audience to once again fall asleep and dream as to possibly forget everything that had just transpired. Unlike the supernatural magic that was used on the characters throughout the play, Puck is attempting to use the magic of words to get the audience to do and think as he pleases. Using the words â€Å"weak and idle,† â€Å"yielding† and â€Å"Gentles† make the audience feel at peace and willing to do what Puck is asking of them. In addition to the form used, Shakespeare uses the images of shadows in this complex apology. The use of imagery throughout A Midsummer Night’s Dream, including the final speech, plays a powerful role in the underlying meaning of the play. In the first lines of his short monologue, Puck states â€Å"If we shadows have offended, Think but this, and all is mended- That you have but slumbered here While these visions did appear. † (5. 1. 415-418) Instead of referring to the actors as a people, he calls them â€Å"shadows. † The fairies, whose presence has often been mysterious and murky, throughout the play have directed the course of events that transpired. Therefore, it would make sense to the audience to want to follow what Puck is saying, as in the moment, it is the most natural thing to do. Similar to many of the other aspects of this speech, this proposes that what had just happened was simply the work of each person’s imagination. In this sense, Puck is therefore leaving it up to the audience to decide if what they have just witnessed is good or bad. The â€Å"shadows† simply exist; it is up to the audience to give them meaning that relates to each of their lives, just as the characters in the play did. The final speech of A Midsummer Night’s Dream wants to make the audience feel as though they were dreaming, which is accomplished by linking the audience to the characters, discourse and imagery. Puck’s final monologue of A Midsummer Night’s Dream is more than just a simple apology. Even with the darker images and contradictions of the speech, it provides closure for the audience. Just as the characters in the play were able to think everything happened was simply a dream and continue to go about with their lives, Shakespeare is attempting to instill the same belief in the audience and hoping they enjoy the happy ending. Works Cited Shakespeare, William, and Russ McDonald. A Midsummer Night's Dream. New York, N. Y. : Penguin, 2000. Print.

Entamoeba histolytica

E. olytica is a pathogenic amoeba. There are trophozoit cyst stages in its life cycle. Only the mature cyst (with 4 nucl infective. Men get infection by mouth. The amoebae inhabit the colon. They multiply by binary fission. The cysts passout with The life cycle of E. histolytica is cyst–trophozoite–cyst. The trophozoites may invade the intestinal wall or even liver and lung tissues by blood dissemination and induce pathological changes. I. Morphology. There are 4 distinct stages in its life cycle; trophozoite, precyst, cyst, and metacyst, but only the morphology of trophozoite and cyst possess morphologic characteristics that have diagnostic value. A. ophoite – active form. a. ize trophozoites vary in size from -60 micrometers in diameterb. Movement is by means of a pseudopodium, which is a cytoplasmic protrusion. The characteristics of pseudopodia of Entamoeba histolytica are: (1) broad or finger-like in form (2) thrust out quickly (3) pseudopodium first formed with hyaline ectoplasm, then the granular endoplasm flows slowly into pseudopodium when amoeba move (so called amoeba movement). 4) motility is progressive and directional c. Red blood cells may be found in the endoplasm. d. Nucleus, vesicular type: The nucleus is not visible in anunstained specimen, but when stained with hematoxylin, the nuclear structure will be clear. (1) Nuclear membrane is a delicate but distinct line. (2) Peripheral chromatin granules are fine and uniformally arranged on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. (3) Karyosome is small and centrally located. The characteristics of the nucleus of E. istolytica are useful in differentiation of the pathogenic amoeba from the other non-pathogenic species. B. Cyst-Non-Motile (has no movement) Before encysting, trophozoites round up, cease ingesting food, and secrete a cyst wall, thus becoming a precyst, and then an immature and mature cyst. a. Immature cyst – spherical in shape, 10-20 Nm in size, and consists of 1-2 nucleus or nuclei. b. Mature cysts: 4 nucle. The characteristics of the cyst nucleus are similar to that of the trophozoite. Besides nuclei, there are two other inclusions: the glycogen vacuole and the chromatoid bodies (bars). Both the glycogen and chromatoid bars become smaller and smaller as the cyst ages, so sometimes they cannot be seen in the mature cysts. The glycogen acts as a food reservoir,but the function of the chromatoid bar is not known. When the cyst is stained with iodine, the glycogen appears brown or dark yellow brown in color, but the chromatoid bar can not be stained and has a refractory appearance. In iron-hematoxylin stained specimens, the chromatoid bar is rod shaped with two rounded ends and dark blue in color. he glycogen vacuole has been dissolved during the process of staining, so it appears as a clear space. II. Life cycle The normal life cycle of E. hystilytica is cyst-trophozoit-cyst III. Diagnosis (1) trophozoite (living): fecal examination (direct smear with normal saline) for the diagnosis of amoebic dysentery. One must pay attention to: a. The container must be clean and free of acid or alkaline. b. Trophozoites should be examined soon after they have been passed c. Keep specimen warm in order to keep the trophozoite's activity. d. Select the bloody and mucous portion for examination. e. If Charcot-leyden crystals are present, the stool must be carefully examinedfor the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica ( charcot-leyden crystals may be derived from eosinophiles). (2) Cyst: fecal examination (direct smear with iodine stain) for the chronic intestinal amoebiasis or carriers. Immature and mature cysts of E. histolytica may be found in the formed stool.

Racial and Ethnic Groups Essay

There are three sociological perspectives of race and ethnicity which are functionalist, conflict, and labeling perspectives. The first one I will discuss is the functionalist perspective. The functionalist perspective emphasizes how the parts of society are structured to maintain its stability. As also described in the reading the functionalist approach is an approach, if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society’s stability or survival, it will not be passed on from one generation to the next. The functionalist perspective thinks that racial hostility is hard to be admired but the functionalist would point out that it serves some positive functions from the perspective group of the racists as described. In the dominant group there are five functions that racial beliefs have for the dominant group. As described they are the following: 1. A society that practices discrimination fails to use the resources of all individuals. Discrimination limits the search for talent and leadership to the dominant group. 2. Discrimination aggravates social problems such as poverty, delinquency, and crime and places the financial burden of alleviating these problems on the dominant group. 3. Society must invest a good deal of time and money to defend the barriers that prevent the full participation of all members. 4. Racial prejudice and discrimination undercut goodwill and friendly diplomatic relations between nations. They also negatively affect efforts to increase global trade. 5. Social change is inhibited because change may assist a subordinate group. 6. Discrimination promotes disrespect for law enforcement and for the peaceful settlement of disputes. The second perspective is the conflict perspective which is the perspective assumes that the social structure is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups. As described in the reading society is a struggle between the privileged (the dominant group) and the exploited (the subordinate group). There is competition that takes groups between groups with unequal amounts of political and economic powers. A difference is that functionalists are not necessarily in favor of inequality; their approach is helps to understand why such systems persist as described. The subordinate group is criticized for its low status. The dominant group is responsible for subordination which is often ignored. The third approach is the labeling approach. The labeling theory which is described in the reading is a concept introduced by sociologist Howard Becker, is an attempt to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant and other engaging in the same behavior are not. As said in the reading a crucial aspect of the relationship between dominant and subordinate groups is the prerogative of the dominant group to define society’s values. Minorities are believed to have the lack of ability to perform in important positions where subordinate group are locked into society’s inferior jobs. I feel that I can agree with the labeling perspective the most. The reason for this is that it still exists in today’s society. Companies are required to provide equal opportunity employment and cannot discriminate against religion, race, or age. We know that this is still not true. You see that most police officers and firefighters are still mostly men. You still see large amounts of families have stay at home mothers. Another example would believe that if a child is bad in school that it has to be his or her parents that make them that way. I believe that it truly is still an issue among individuals. Part II I choose African Americans and the creation of migration and the consequence of segregation. Migration is defined as a general term that describes any transfer of population. Segregation is described the physical separation of two groups, often imposed on a subordinate group by the dominant group. According to Wikipedia I choose The Great Migration. As described it was the movement of 2 million African American out of the Southern United States to the Midwest, Northeast, and West from 1910 to 1930. They migrated to escape racism and seek employment opportunities in industrial cities. When the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863 less than eight percent of the African American population lived in the northeastern or Midwestern U. S. As described, â€Å"Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population grew by about 40% in Northern states, mostly in the major cities. Cities such as Chicago, Detroit, New York, and Cleveland had some of the biggest increases in the early part of the century. Because changes were concentrated in cities, urban tensions rose as African Americans and new or recent European immigrants, both groups chiefly from rural societies, competed for jobs and housing with the white ethnic working class. Tensions were often most severe between ethnic Irish, defending their positions, and recent immigrants and blacks. † â€Å"African Americans moved as individuals or small family groups. There was no government assistance, but often northern industries, such as the railroads, meatpacking and stockyards, recruited people. The primary factor for migration was the racial climate and widespread violence of lynching in the South. In the North, they could find better schools and adult men could vote (joined by women after 1920). Burgeoning industries meant there were job opportunities. † (Wikipedia, 2010) This in turn caused African Americans to feel segregated and felt they had to be among other African Americans do to how they are treated. There were many fights and riots among different cultural groups due to segregation. Such as the example of African Americans who could not sit in the front of the bus because of their race. In today’s society this is ethnically not acceptable. References: Wikipedia. (2010, October 15). Wikipedia. org. Retrieved October 23, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American).

Journal Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal Review - Article Example The article has also addressed the interaction terms for poverty and mobility, poverty and heterogeneity, and mobility and heterogeneity are explored as well. The article’s result got from the study holds up the findings from recently carried out victimization studies and earlier studies of ecology using official crime counts. Structural density and family disruption, along with poverty and heterogeneity, are found to be significant ecological variables for mastering the crime rate distribution among neighborhoods (Warner and Glenn, 1993). In this article, social disorganization theory has been addressed intensively. The authors assert that social disorganization was among the prominent theories that explained crime in the earlier stages of this century. This is so because of the theory’s focus on the crime geological distribution of crime and the structural features of the neighborhoods that are related to the crime distribution. The article is also of the position tha t the approach of the ecology the study of crime fell, in the 1970s, out of trend. However, the ecology approach was replaced by more theories of social psychology. The authors say that several reasons for the social disorganization theory decline was in place, especially the devastating criticism that had a lot to do with the reliance of the research carried out on the official crime measures (Warner and Glenn, 1993). The article puts it that although many of the early social disorganization theory empirical examinations got support for its main ideas, the theories depended more on official crime measures (such as juvenile court referrals, arrests, and official counts of crime). It was argued in the article that the official measures of crime had a high likelihood to reflect biases in the official crime reactions because they were intended to reflect true measures of crime. This article viewed crime measures with particular skepticism when applied in relation to the communitiesâ₠¬â„¢ characteristics. Non white and poor neighborhoods were suspected of being vulnerable especially to the inflated crime measures. The article also addresses the empirical support for criticisms provided by recent studies to this study (Warner and Glenn, 1993). Victimization data has also been reviewed in this article. The article asserts that the promise of more accurate social structural effects examination on crime and a social disorganization theory renewed interests came only with the beginning of victimization data. The findings in this article and the data collected enabled for counts of crime separately from any official crime responses, and research social disorganization theory examination using the collected data. The article also says that, though the studies of early victimization explored and examined cities instead of neighborhoods used for the majority of the studies carried out earlier, the findings of these studies nevertheless raised questions concerning conclus ions based on the official data of crime. The results from the studies provided mixed support to the major social disorganization theory variables and questioned particularly the role of poverty. The article reports that Sampson (1985) detailed that mobility and racial composition were related positively to the total personal victimization and that

The Justification, Planning, and Preparation for the Attacks by Al-Qai Essay

The Justification, Planning, and Preparation for the Attacks by Al-Qaida in the United States on September 11, 2001 - Essay Example This paper will seek to reflect on the detailed planning, preparation and attempts at justification that bin Laden and his entire Al-Qaida organization did prior to the devastating September 11th attacks. In my opinion, the United States had not afforded the proper degree of attention to the threat that was posed by the bin Laden led Al-Qaida organization. This is evidenced by although bin Laden is quoted in a report issued by the United Kingdom government as having issued a number of proclamations against the United States, urging Muslims around the world to kill both American citizens and their military forces, the United States never took any direct action against this potential threat. In making the threat, Osama bin Laden had justified the attacks by claiming that the people of Islam had for long endured suffering from the wanton injustice, aggression and iniquity that was being forcibly imposed on them by the Zionist-Crusader alliance and their respective collaborators. He argued that it was now time that Muslims engaged in a Jihad targeted at cleansing the land from these Arabian peninsula crusader occupiers. Of concern also is that even after the devastating attacks conducted by the group in East Africa, against United States targets, relatively very little effort was put in place to try reign in and cripple the threat that was being posed by this organization. According to the same United Kingdom report, Bin Laden had justified attacks on American and Jewish targets by claiming that Muslims that happened to die in the course of them would be rewarded as they were carrying out God’s work (Murphy 239). The planning for the attacks on the United States was very extensive and took a number of years as is seen to be characteristic of all the attacks conducted by the Al-Qaida organization. In moving the attackers to the United States several years prior to the attacks, taking them through flight schools and using flight simulators to help them carefully study the controls of some of the larger aircraft; I believe that the al-Qaida organization displayed a great degree of detail in its planning.  Ã‚  

Response on The Grand Inquisitor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response on The Grand Inquisitor - Essay Example This were the same people who really longed for the coming back of the savoir in regard to their torments and tribulations they had initially gone through, hence the coming back of Christ was a great relief to the people nevertheless, the church did not recognize and embrace it and went further to arrest Christ. This shows that the church doctrine has denied people the right to practice the true religion. In my opinion the parable suggests how the church has been used to articulate dictatorship and abuse of power in administering her duties and beliefs to her faithful. It was ironical for the inquisitor to tell Christ that the church does not him any more. It makes one wonder ho the church that was founded on Christ philosophical principles to reach a time and renounce the same foundation upon which they were built on. (Dostoyevsky 17). Church doctrine has been used in this story as a symbol of the characters and behaviors witnessed around the world today which are contrary and oppressive to the teachings of religion. The church has been shown as an oppressor of humanity infringing and treading on the right of believers to adore and exalt Christ. They are expected to follow the teachings and procedures laid down by the church fathers, contrary to it may lead to arrest and detention similar to Christ himself. This leaves the people hungry and unsatisfied spiritually since the waters t hey need to quench their spiritual thirst can not be able to quench the thirst they have in acquiring religious freedom. Therefore, the coming back of Christ was their ultimate redemption, but unfortunately the church authorities stood on their way of freedom by keeping Christ in detention. The inquisitor informs Christ that his coming back would have a big negative impact on the church mission work and relates his rejection on the basis of Christ temptation by Satan in the desert. In my thoughts this parable suggests that the church has adopted satanic ways of operation

Palaeolithic-type diet and the metabolic syndrome Essay

Palaeolithic-type diet and the metabolic syndrome - Essay Example metabolic syndrome were randomized to a two-week dietary intervention with either a Palaeolithic-type diet (n=18), based on anthropological researches or a healthy diet reference (n=14), based on the guidelines of Dutch Health Council. Both primary and secondary outcomes of the study were measured. Oral glucose tolerance and characteristics of MetS (blood pressure, glucose levels, abdominal circumference, cholesterol levels) being primary. Intestinal permeability, inflammation and salivary cortisol were measured as the secondary outcomes. Emphasis was put on prevention of weight loss. 9 men and 25 women with an average BMI of 31.8 kg/m2 and average age of 53.5 years were evaluated. The Paleolithic type diet resulted in an overall decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride levels as well as an increase in HDL cholesterol levels as compared to those who were subjected to the reference diet. However, the waist circumference decreased in all the subjects. Even though body weight was supposed to be kept stable, there was an overall reduction in weight of those who were subjected to the Paleolithic type diet as compared to those who were subjected to the reference diet. No changes were noted in the intestinal permeability, salivary cortisol or

The tribes of Sami and Kawelka Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The tribes of Sami and Kawelka - Essay Example It involves the countries of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Kola region of modern Russia. Their main economic activities were hunting, fishing, and trapping. The Sami people language is a Finno-Ugric language that is closely related to the Finnish, Estonian, Livonian, and Votic languages. In Folklore traditions, the Sami people believed in spirits, which they related to different places and with their ancestors. As with many other different religions, the Sami people had different believes in myths and legends who were concerned with the underworld. The religion of the Sami people made them believe that the humans and inanimate being had a soul. They had a priest known as noaidi who acted as the intermediary between the material world and their spiritual world. His role involved consulting the dead through a trance-induced tradition of beating magic drums and a special kind of chanting popularly known as juoigan. The Sami people have different rites of passage. The Sami people have mostly avoided the ritual of baptism. Instead, their culture requires them not to have surnames and therefore they name their children after recently deceased elders or infants. The Sami people way of relationships has been outstanding. The Sami are known for their courtesy and hospitality. They consider the knowledge of the Sami language as the most important way of identifying someone as their fellow Sami. The Sami people are traditionally reindeer herding community. They maintained more than one permanent dwelling but mostly lived in tents. Their permanent homes were either frame buildings or sod huts. They commonly know their tents as Lavvos. Their tents and huts were arranged around a central fire. The family life of the Sami people was mostly done by living in groups of families known as siida. Traditionally it was the role of the Sami men to engage in herding, hunting, making boats, sleds, and tools while the women

Individual project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual project 2 - Essay Example The elevated productivity was due to the raise in capital, machines, innovation in technology, more experienced and educated labor, enhanced support from the government and favorable political policies. Therefore, Japan’s miraculous economy was in the past as compared to the modern times as it is facing obstacles of low growth and development rate. Although the economic growth also enhanced the standard of living of the Japanese as compared to the Americans (Flath, 2005). The important factor was that the income in Japan is evenly and fairly distributed in relation to United States. Similar to United States economy Japan has also turned out to be a manufacturing nation. Japan has been successful in getting cheap labor from the neighboring Southeast Asian countries. This alteration from a comparatively more service economy has also exhibited the alteration of preferences and tastes of the consumers. Japan is considered to be the eight most densely populated country around the g lobe. The main problem with Japan is that the land of Japan is not large enough to cater the demand of agriculture. Japan despite all its success is not able to produce food for its own population. Japan is devoid of many raw materials necessary for the industry, for example coal, oil, iron ore, aluminum, copper and wood. Japan is relying on other countries for most of its imports. For these natural resources and energy Japan has to import all the following resources. The problem occurs to pay for the imports of Japan, what they do is that in order to pay for the imports Japan has to export some products to other countries. Chief exports comprising Japan is cars and electronic equipment. Trade or exports with neighboring and other countries is very essential for Japan. The variety of the goods of exports has altered over the time, moving from agriculture products to manufactured goods, steel, cars and textiles. As discussed above Japan has become unpopular in the field of agricultur e due to lack of farmland. In current time manufacturing has become highly expensive as the wages have also increased. Another drawback for Japan is that it less competitive in energy for instance, aluminum and petrol and other chemicals, as the domestic energy resources are very few (Gao, 2001). Due to reasons Japan has to import oil from Middle East, as the prices of the oil were increased conversely Japan had to pay more for the oil. Japan has to export its products somewhere else not in the Middle East as they are not in need of those resources. This has increased the interdependency of Japan as they have trade relations with each other to make products available in their own countries. Japan even has to purchase raw materials such as coal and technology based items from Australia. With Australia, Japan has a trade deficit as they are not able to pay as they do not produce finished products. United States and Japan are very essential trading associates. Therefore, there exists a disproportion in their trade. Currently Japan is making use of its trade surpluses with the United States in order to pay for its trade deficit with the OPEC countries. China has many natural resources such as petroleum, iron ore, mercury, tungsten, antimony, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, zinc, uranium and hydro power. It also produces coffee beans and rice. The problem is that the quality of the natural resources is not very superior as compare to the other countries, for this matter many of

Life of a Prisoner in the Soviet Gulag and Nazi Death Camp Systems Essay

Life of a Prisoner in the Soviet Gulag and Nazi Death Camp Systems - Essay Example One of the notable things about Solzhenitsyn’s work is that there is little that truly occurs in the book. The novel tells the details of a day, slowly and methodically, so that the mundane nature of life in a prison is revealed. Although there is some discussion of punishment and the cruelty of living in the Gulag, it is the monotony and the long day that has the most impact. Through the oppressive atmosphere and the indignity of being given no trust through constant searches and counting of the inmates, there is a sense of being held in place, that feeling permeating the whole work in a way that portrays a realistic feeling of being in prison. In contrast, the life that Levi Primo describes is filled with hardships that are terrible and not mundane. Each new indignity pushes him toward the next lowered level in which he must re-establish some sense of humanity into his life. The strongest concept that creates the biggest differences in the experiences that are described is t hat in the Gulag, while life is harsh, there does seem to be some hope that the next day will come, and that finally the protagonist will be released from his imprisonment. In Auschwitz, on the other hand, there is the pervading sense that there will be only death at the end of the journey. Hope is a much more precious commodity as the descriptions of the daily life is defined by the knowledge. The low level of human conditions emphasized the lack of respect for basic human existence that was provided in this terrible place.

Compare the importance of team work and personal attributes Essay Example for Free

Compare the importance of team work and personal attributes Essay There are three ways Asda and Betta Value can use communication skills this is done through written, verbal and listening skills. Asda and Betta Value have different structure and size so the businesses needs a different balance of team working skills personal attributes in their staff. Listening, verbal and written skills At Asda Written is internally most dependants for the reason that they are a big business if you are relying on verbal communication the employees need good listening skills and good at following instructions. More instructions will be written into rules and processes to follow, their will be more check lists to make sure tasks are done and dusted. Betta Values uses verbal skills because of the size and level of the business this is because that Betta Values is a flat structure so the staff uses a lot of verbal communication Both businesses need to listen because they are both dealing with customers, if staff dont then they will loose clients but Asda is more likely to formally train employees in communication skills. For Asda personal presentation will be more consistent because staff will get issued with full uniform and it says on terms and conditions you must wear full uniform as for Betta values dress code and badges is what they have to wear because Betta Values has fewer budgets to spend. There will be more details in terms and conditions in employment regarding the job at Asda than Betta Value. Punctuality and time planning Punctuality and time planning are what both businesses want so the staff must be punctual so that they get full value for the wage they are paying. Time planning at Asda is critical because you have to link job and role in matrix structure which have to link with mesh and also time and planning is critical at Asda. Betta Values can afford a slightly relaxed aptitude to time planning but each manager controls the whole function so this means the managers have to many issues, time effectively because no one to pass on work. Betta Value would need good time management and planning because they have 19 people to control and make sure all employees are working effectively. Head office Head office at Asda supports the store project teams this means you have to time scale running in the business 1) To coordinate the functions at head office 2) For the store to meet their sales targets and objectives 3) The role of the project team at Asda is to synchronise the time for head office with through for the store Time scales at Asda is important to the achievement of the company. Betta Value can afford a little calmer attitude to time planning but every boss controls an entire function; this means with the purpose of the managers have to handle their own employment load independently for the reason that they have no one to pass on their work. Courtesy, honesty and confidentiality These are qualities that every retailer expects in their employees at Asda and Betta Values. Courtesy is when dealing with a customer the employee should be polite at all times because if they do not they will loose their customers. Honesty is an essential quality because retailers have stock and cash on premises dishonesty of staff means costs go up and profit goes down because of wasting and theft. Betta Value would its finance manager to be honest, as the manager will be dealing with a big amount of business money and if this money is taken Betta Value would be left bankrupt Confidentiality is most workforce at Asda wont have access to confidential information but Betta Values is a small value of staff and are more likely to overhear or find out sanative information therefore they may want to check how good staff are at and keeping affairs private an example through references. Interdependence of team members Group responsibilities share as individual targets In store at Asda staffs work in teams and have similar skills supervisors will have more experience and knowledge but they will have the same skills Reliance on specialist skills of other members and reliance on other teams The specialists teams at both business relay on other specialists from outside the team at Betta Values these are Human Resources and Finance etc at Asda specialists are located at head office and deliver through the matrix structure. Both businesses will have team targets but its because the operations (store managers team) at Betta Values has various specialists in the team targets and responsibilities will be very general but individual targets will be more specific. An example at Asda you will have specialists team groups and responsibilities are shared and individual targets will focus on developing staff. But at head office the people specialists with in a function their and their staff and their specific role in the team.

Road to Serfdom Essay Example for Free

Road to Serfdom Essay Hayek has written one of the most important books of our generation. It restates for our time the issue between liberty and authority. It is an arresting call to all well-intentioned planners and socialists, to all those who are sincere democrats and liberals at heart, to stop, look and listen. ’ The author is an internationally known economist. An Austrian by birth, he was director of the Austrian Institute for Economic Research and lecturer in economics at the University of Vienna during the years of the rise of fascism in Central Europe. He has lived in England since 1931 when he became Professor of Economic Science at the University of London, and is now a British citizen. Professor Hayek, with great power and rigour of reasoning, sounds a grim warning to Americans and Britons who look to the government to provide the way out of all our economic dif? culties. He demonstrates that fascism and what the Germans correctly call National Socialism are the inevitable results of the increasing growth of state control and state power, of national ‘planning’ and of socialism. It is essential that we should re-learn frankly to face the fact that freedom can be had only at a price and that as individuals we must be prepared to make severe material sacri? ces to preserve it. 68 69 the road to serfdom We must regain the conviction on which liberty in the AngloSaxon countries has been based and which Benjamin Franklin expressed in a phrase applicable to us as individuals no less than as nations: ‘Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety. Toward a better world To build a better world, we must have the courage to make a new start. We must clear away the obstacles with which human folly has recently encumbered our path and release the creative energy of individuals. We must create conditions favourable to progress rather than ‘planning progress’. It is not those who cry for more ‘planning’ who show the necessary courage, nor those who preach a ‘New Ord er’, which is no more than a continuation of the tendencies of the past 40 years, and who can think of nothing better than to imitate Hitler.

A Look At British History History Essay

A Look At British History History Essay It was a turbulent century in British history. A brief study of the era of 1550 to 1650 clearly illustrates why. This was a period of invention, scientific advancement and astrological discoveries, yet it remained filled with supernatural notions, superstition, mythology and plain ignorance. During this era, Britain embarked on an age of great world exploration and mighty conquests while fighting bloody wars of religion, class and political dominance at home. This century was marked by a great rebirth of the arts in which intellectuals and artists flourished in Britain, yet it was also a time of strife, hardship, disease and hunger. It was during this chaotic era that Britain came to be known as the center of Western civilization under the humane and rational rule of Queen Elizabeth I (World). It was also during this time that the poet and playwright William Shakespeare lived, worked and wrote some of historys most remarkable literary works having been influenced by and having drawn upon the social thought, religious conviction and political landscape of this tumultuous era (World). Prior to and during the time of Queen Elizabeth and the time of the Renaissance, Britain was a breeding ground for religious and political unrest. Beginning in 1531, the countrys official religion changed five times in accordance with the choice of the King or Queen who was in power at the time (Elizabethan). Since most of the English common people believed that Kings and Queens were directly connected to God and must be obeyed at all times, the monarchs chosen religion was also followed by most of the monarchs subjects (Time). Britains official religion was Catholic until 1531, then it was Protestant until Queen Mary took the throne after which it became Catholic again and then back to Protestant during Queen Elizabeths reign (Time). Each change in power led to a change in the nations official religion which, in turn, led to persecution of the non-ruling religious group. The political thinking during this period was controlled by a small number of powerful ruling families and jealou sies and rivalries within these families made these political conflicts even more severe (Time). During this era, England was a leader in world exploration and soon became a major commercial power. It was also a time of advancements in technology and invention. All of the unrest and uncertainty, however, left the common people feeling discontent and afraid of the many changes that were happening to their nation. The era in British history between 1550 to 1650 during the time that Queen Elizabeth held the throne has been characterized by British people as one of the best epochs the country ever had (World). While it is true that during her time in power Queen Elizabeth calmed religious unrest, established Britain as a leading world power and ushered in the age of the Renaissance or rebirth of new ideas and new thinking, the life of ordinary citizen was harsh. The majority of the population, referred to as common people, lived short lives filled with hard labor, little food, no schooling, rampant disease, poverty, violence, crime, high infant mortality and inequality between men and women (Time). In cities, life was particularly filthy, brutal and short. There was no running water in homes and so most people were dirty and smelly. Human and animal waste was thrown out directly onto the streets (Time). These unclean conditions formed a breeding ground for the spread of diseases such as typhus, bubonic plague, tuberculosis and influenza (Time). Rogues and vagabonds roamed the roads begging and stealing (Time). Riots were common and could turn violent. Such harsh conditions at home were one of the reasons that many British common people chose to travel to the colonies in the New World in search of a better way of life. It is, therefore, no surprise that entertainment was extremely important to the common people. Even the poorest of the people enjoyed entertainment from acting troupes, dancing, jugglers, strolling players, and plays. Theatre was especially popular with the common people and it was inexpensive to attend (Tudor). It was during this time that open air playhouses first came to be in the cities of Britain, including the Rose, the Swan, and the Globe Theatre in London which was owned, in part, by Shakespeare (Tudor). William Shakespeare fed upon the atmosphere and the feelings occurring during this turbulent era of British history and he used them extensively in his plays and other literary works. One such example is a speech by a character named John of Guant in Shakespeares 1601 play, Richard II, expressing his love for England and his concerns about the countrys future (Time). All of the major events, people, places and problems of this era, including class structure, religious discont ent, fate, rebellion against authority and prominent figures of the time, influenced Shakespeare and provided inspiration and background for his literary works (Who). In his plays, Shakespeare chose to write about many of the periods topics of conversation and disagreement, including classical Greek and Roman tales, superstition, love, revenge and rebellion. The works of playwrights such as Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe contributed to Londons eventual rise as a center of culture and art. Their contributions to this time period will forever mark the social, religious and political thinking of the time and illustrate the conflicts that made the era of 1550 to1650 one of the most turbulent eras in British history. Works Cited Elizabethan Period. ELIZABETHAN ERA. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Time Travellers Guide to Tudor England. Channel 4. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . The Tudor Church. UK Travel and Heritage Britain Express UK Travel Guide. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . Who Was around in 1550 to 1650 in Great Britain? WikiAnswers The QA Wiki. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. . World History of 1550 to 1650. 2020 Site Wedding Invitation Wording, Family Crests, Trees and Other Eclectic Information at 2020. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. .

Water Crisis in Peru :: essays research papers

In December of 1915 a huge step for the rights of Peasants in Peru was taken. Juan Pevez was born in Ica, Peru and in 1915 he lead an uprising against the Picasso family who ran the that Pevez worked on. In Water!, an excerpt from Pevez’s autobiography, a dispute over rights to water is described and how the peasants overcame . Southern Peru does not see much rain during the year, so when it does come it is an extremely valued commodity. In December 1915 a very unusual thing happened. The water came much earlier that year and to the peasant's surprise it went unnoticed by the estate owners. In that time the estate owners unlawfully kept the water from the peasants until their own fields were irrigated. The water came that year in the middle of the night so the estate owners were clueless. Unaware that they had the same rights to the water as the estate owners, the farmers were reluctant to open up the Sluice gates that allowed the water to enter their own small canals to irrig ate their land. Juan Pevez, who was enrolled in the School of Agronomy informed the farmers that legally they had a right to the water. Trusting Pevez, they all opened their gates to irrigate their fields unbeknownst to the landowners. Soon, morning came and the â€Å"stolen† water was noticed and a brawl broke out between the serfs and the estate owners. After being broken up the peasants formed a delegation to make a plea to the Technical Commission to state their concern about the unfair distribution of water. The director of the commission, Ezequiel Gago, heard both sides argument. In December 1915 history was made when Gago ruled in favor of the Peasants. That was the first time in the history of the valley that a group of peasants won a case against a powerful landowner like Picasso.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The account of this event is very important for many reasons. First, as I stated before, this was an historical event for the peasant community in Peru as well as the rest of South America. The event that Juan Pevez lead was a landmark event in the history of not only peasants but everyone in South America. It was the beginning of a movement of sorts toward a freer nation. That event had a lasting effect. The delegation that was formed to protest the Water withholding grew and grew and now is still in effect today under the name of the Peruvian Peasant Federation.

Fallacies in the Newspaper -- Journalism

The effective use of rhetoric can spur people into action for worthy causes, bring about positive health changes, and even persuade one to finish a college education. In contrast, like most things in life, what can be used for good can also be used in a negative way to elicit emotions such as outrage, fear, and panic. This type of rhetoric often uses fallacious statements in an appeal to emotion which complicates the matter even more as the emotions are misdirected. Unfortunately, the daily newspapers are filled with numerous examples of fallacious statements. Within the past week, the following five examples appeared in the New York Times and USA Today. The examples included statements that demonstrated scapegoating, slippery slope, ad hominem, straw man, line-drawing, arguments from outrage, and arguments from envy. The first example, in an article about the current condition of income and wealth in the United States, the author stated that the fact that Americans are earning less and worth less than four years ago was started by the â€Å"financial crisis and the sharp decline in the value of homes, the principal asset of Americans, followed by the sharp drop in the stock prices. The crisis led to stubbornly high unemployment that cut income for many Americans and made wage increases harder to obtain for those who did hold on to their jobs† (Norris, 2012). The drop in housing prices is used as a scapegoating technique for the general financial condition of Americans. Scapegoating is a technique that places blame on a specific group for a certain circumstance (Moore & Parker, 2012, p. 187). By placing blame on the housing industry, Norris attempts to demonstrate that the American public is largely experiencing financial ... ...Retrieved from New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/09/business/economy/as-recovery-drags-on-income-and-wealth-lag.html Ohio State University. (2012). Statistical Summary. Retrieved from Ohio State University.edu: http://www.osu.edu/osutoday/stuinfo.php Saad, L. (2012). "Pro-choice" Americans at low 41%. Retrieved from Gallup Politics: http://www.gallup.com/poll/154838/Pro-Choice-Americans-Record-Low.aspx?utm_source=alert&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=syndication&utm_content=morelink&utm_term=All%20Gallup%20Headlines?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=gallupnews&utm_c Sara Lee Annual Report. (2012). Sara Lee Annual Report 2011. Retrieved from Sara Lee Corporation: http://www.saralee.com/ourcompany/sl11ar/pdf/2011SL_Financials.pdf USDA. (2011). Profiling food consumption in America. Retrieved from USDA.gov: http://www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter2.pdf

Essay --

Growing up, our parents are always telling us that doing drugs can have bad consequences in our lives. Many films in today’s film industry are portraying drugs as the cause of an amazing time accidently encouraging that the use of drugs is totally fine. Requiem for a Dream is directed by Darren Aronofsky. This film shows that utilizing drugs can be all fun in games, but will lead to a very destructive destruction that can affect the drug user and everyone in the addicts surrounding. The movie shows the struggle that four individuals go through to overcome such a strong drug addiction. Aronofsky was very creative when presenting the subject matter; he used certain cinematography, themes, and directorial techniques to tell the audience the story. The film shows us four characters all affected by drug addiction and their struggles to overcome it. Sara Goldfarb is an older woman who is addicted to television and eventually turns to dieting pills when she becomes self-conscious about her weight. Harry is a heroin addict. His girlfriend Marion is also fighting an addiction that leads her to prostitution to satisfy her addiction. Tyrone is a drug dealer. Sara ends up in a facility for the mentally ill, Tyrone ends up in jail, and Harry loses his arm to a horrible infection. The characters lives end up taking a turn for the worst. Symbols are found all within the film. The movie went through three different seasons. Summer is a symbol of life, and during this part of the movie the main characters didn’t have a care in the world and there were no consequences for any of their actions. For example, it’s the time that people are out having adventures that will lead to wonderful memories and at times trouble. The movie started out just like ... ...closes ups that added lots of emphasis when they would inject the drug. These just being a few of the editing techniques they used on the film. Requiem for a Dream in my point of view was exceptional. It was depressing but to be honest that was the point of the movie. When beginning to watch this movie people should make sure their emotions are on neutral because if upset it can make things worse. I really enjoyed how it brought all the elements a film need to create a unique production. I definitely need to see a few more of Aronofsky's films. Overall, the film had a profound impact on me. I honestly learned a lot and even though drugs are not a part of my life I learned that deep within a drug addict there is a reason why they walk the road of self-destruction. I really enjoyed it even though it was depressing, and I would recommend this film to anyone who hasn't

Everyone thought that they knew me so well, opinions change, and I’m not a little girl anymore

What would you think if you could see me now? I don't look perfect, and my shoes aren't very clean anymore, I'm not very clean. Nevertheless I've made sure that my gold pendant has stayed intact, I don't even think that you remember buying it for me. It was the one thing in the entire shopping mall that I wanted, on that boiling hot summer's day. I think that it must have been the first and the last thing that you've bought me that I've liked. You bought it even though you detested it. I'm stroking the metal; it feels cold against my skin, ice cold. I haven't felt warm for days. As I sit here cold and alone, I realise just how much I should be enjoying this. It's all I've ever wanted-to have a choice, to do things by myself. Well here I am ready to make a move. I'm hungry now; all I can smell is the deliciously tempting aroma of chips from the shop, on the corner. I need food. If I'd sold my necklace earlier I would have had money. Who am I trying to convince? It is my necklace, my own and we will never part. Scuffing my new ‘clean' white dirty shoes I wander aimlessly down the road. I don't like some of the looks that I'm getting; they're disapproving, condescending and nasty â€Å"‘Oooh look at her, doesn't she look rough'† If I had it my way, I'd be in a warm, soft and luxurious bed. But instead, I'm here, pacing the streets, solemn and silent. I can't even begin to imagine, where I'm heading next. Grasping the chain firmly in my left hand I gently remove it. The sweet smell of gold is revolting. As I clutch my pedant I'm slowly beginning to realise how far away that I am. I'm walking along a side road now, just approaching a turning. Do I take it? Where do I go? Which road shall I take? It has to be one of them. I need guidance, no, no I don't, I make my own decisions, and I can take control. One of these roads seems familiar, a street full of detached houses all lawns exactly the same not a strand of grass out of place, not a tree that dares whisper in the wind. It's precise, just like you. The second is a mystery, just like me. I still haven't had any food; I'm beginning to feel ravenous. I have fifty five pence. I didn't think of bringing any money. Mind you I didn't really think that I would leave. I don't remember much about earlier, the massive row. I just remember two words ‘dirty slut'. He was raging at me again, like it was strange to go out and party, a deadly sin to have fun. You spotted my pendant and asked why I was wearing such a grotty thing, It's not like I expect you to understand, so don't worry, I don't blame you. I'm at the end of my road now, adjoining to my road is a main road, I'm taking it, strutting down the centre like I own it. I've been doing that recently, holding my head up, I'm proud. Today isn't tomorrow and today certainly isn't yesterday, while I lay here in my cardboard box, that I found late last night, I ponder this. Chips used to taste nice, from what I can remember, but not these ones. These are soggy and cold; I was lying next to them this morning when I woke up. They are in a newspaper that's sopping wet, from the heavy downpour that also happened; late last night. It's food though something that I've desired for what seems like an eternity. My pendant is clasped tightly in my hand, I'm staring at it intensely, it's been ten days so far, and why did I leave? It's getting colder day by day. I'm trying to find somewhere to stay, somewhere that I can feel warm and secure, to revitalise my flickering spirit. The rusting gold is more visible these days. As it gets older its age becomes more noticeable, more so than before. It's in my open palm now stretched out, like it's about to sprout wings and fly away. Lately I've been different, dad why do you blame my friends? I suppose I'm just your little angel that will never spread her wings. Remember that night; I do, the ‘slut' night. I wear make up short skirts and high heels, just like most people my age. Don't you think about what I could have said to you? How arrogant you are or how oppressive that you can be. Why do you think that I didn't? I didn't say anything because I didn't want to hurt your feelings, like you did mine. The Mona Lisa, your favourite painting while you sit there at your computer father, chew on this, she's smiling, is she happy? I think that I should be sitting in that portrait, don't you? The ripple of the pinky blue dusk that has set over the middle of London on an October night becomes more prominent as I stand staring over the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. I grip the railings I laugh, a high pitched screech, I'm so cold, so famished, but I've never felt so alive. Cradling my pendant like a damaged child, I say my last goodbye. I'm attaching it to the fourth bar on the second row. I look up to the beautiful night sky I love you mum, I love you dad, I love you, I love you, I love you, So much, I'm going home.

Raising College Tuition Essay

1. Working in A Writer’s Resource, Ch 2 a.How to approach assignments? Reading your assignment carefully and making sure you under what the assignment is asking of you. Write down things you would say, and give some examples. Think about whom you are writing to or about and how you would say it. b.The suggested â€Å"Activities for Exploring Ideas†. Start writing whatever comes to mind. You can start by jotting down your ideas and don’t worry about the spelling and punctuations. Give yourself a couple of minutes and stop. Pick out important ideas to start with. Explore your ideas in your own language. Keep notes and annotations, along with keeping a journal with you all the time. Jot down notes on daily matters just in case you may want to use it. c.The suggested steps in developing a working thesis. It should make a special statement on your topic. You should be able to explore with different ideas. 2. Working in Patters, Ch 2 read and briefly summarizes the importance of: a.Invention or prewriting- What int erests you, and developing ideas for your essay? Write down important words and highlight them. b.Understanding the assignment- The important thing to remember is to make sure you understand the assignment. Read the assignment twice, and if you have any questions, ask your instructor. Underline the key words. What is this assignment asking you, a question or to read aloud. c.Setting limits such as length, purpose, audience, occasion, and knowledge. When you understanding the assignment, set a limit on how long should it be, where’s it going, how to say and to whom you saying it to. Are you reading it to your class or a group? Determine how much or little information to give them. Did you take time to do any research? 3. Continuing in Patterns, Ch. 2, complete the following exercises: a. Exercise 2. Make a list of different audiences to whom you speak or write in your daily life. Then record your answer to the following questions: I spent my daily life with co-workers, customers, and my family. 1.Do you speak or write to each person in the same way and about the same things? If not, how do your approaches to these people differ? I speak to my coworkers with friendly smiles and talk about how their weekend was. With my customers, you greet them with a smile, seeing if they need help in finding items. 2. List some subjects that would interest some of these people but not others. How do you account for these differences? The subjects that I would talk about with my co-workers and customers are very different from the conversation I would have with my family and friends. With family and friends we talk about our kids and school. And with co-workers and customers I talk about work, house ware, bedding, fashions, women’s and men’s wear. 3.Choose one of the following subjects, and describe how you would speak or write to different audiences about it. Taking a year off before college-   I actually took off thirty-nine years before I went by to college. Speaking from experience I find it very hard in going back to school. Writing would probably be a lot easier, because after you wrote down everything you wanted to talk about you can just read it to your audiences. Speaking is different. Because, you can go on in telling your story and you will know you got the attention of your audience. b. Exercise 3 Indicate whether each of the following is a general subject or a specific topic that is narrow enough for a short essay. 1.An argument against fast-food ads that are aimed at young children (specific topic) 2.Home schooling (general subject) 3.Cell phones and driving (general subject) 4.Changes in U.S immigration laws (specific topic) 5.Requiring college students to study a foreign language (specific topic) 6.The advantages of funding health care for children of undocumented workers (specific topic) 7.A comparison of small-town and big-city living (specific topic) 8.Student loans (general subject) 9.The advantages of service-learning courses (general subject) 10.The need for totally electric cars (specific topic) Exercise 8 Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the following as thesis statements. 1.My instructor has an attendance policy. Having an attendance policy is for the benefit of all students. Walking into the class room late is very rude. I find it very annoying and I would feel embarrass because it interrupts the instructor from teaching. Not only from teaching but what about when you’re going to work. Would your boss accept you being late? Those policies are there for a reason, to expect the responsibility of being an adult. 2.My instructor should change her attendance policy because it is bad. Changing the policy because it is bad, only points out that the person is not willing to take on the responsibility of being there on time. Plan ahead and schedule yourself plenty of time for class. 3.My instructor should change her attendance policy because it is unreasonable, inflexible, and unfair. Not taking this seriously only shows their weakness. 4.For many people, a community college makes more sense than a four-year college or university. Going into community college right after high school is best for you. This way you would have two-years of pre-preparing yourself for a four-year college or university. This statement is too weak to continue. 5.Some children show violent behavior. The word children have a lot of history to go by. You can do a lot of research on this and you would not find any results in the behavior of children’s. 6.Violence is a problem in our society. We will always have the protection from our government, and families. But then that’s not enough. There will always be someone out there to hurt someone. This statement can go on forever and will never get to the end. 7.Conflict-resolution courses should be taught to help prevent violence in America’s schools. There will always be education and precaution to protect our children’s in schools. Violence is so close to home now, that if you walk down the street and look at someone you’ll get hurt for just looking. 8.Social networking sites such as Facebook can cause problems. I don’t know that much about Facebook, and I hear a lot of stories about this network being use by a lot young kids. I can see the problems that can happen when things get posted. 9.F acebook attracts many college students. This statement shows weakness, it’s not going in any kind of direction. Example, we all know that many high school and college students use Facebook. 10.College students should be careful of what material they put on their Facebook pages because prospective employers routinely check them. There is that possibility of employers checking the networks, because that is there job to protect any viruses that could infect their programs. Those programs are valuable to their work. This is a very strong thesis statement and has no sign of weakness. Continuing in Patterns, Ch 2, develop an argumentative thesis by completing the following steps: a.Choose and record one general subject of interest to write about. The general subject should lead to a strong claim that has counter-claims. #12 raising college tuition (general subject) b.Use the probing questions on p. 34 to move from a general subject to a specific topic to argue. Record your specific topic or focus. More students than ever are attempting to get a college degree. (Specific topic) c.Using free write The cost of college has gotten higher every year. This has put parents to borrow from banks with outages loan. The cost of education for college student has gone way beyond it’s means. A lot has to do with inflation, the cost of living, job security. The interest rate is higher on every and financial aide program by the government. We need to have good teacher, which cost money, plus needs to meet the budget. d.Cluster or informal outline;

What Is a Linear Programming Problem

Linear Programming is a mathematical technique useful for allocation of scarce or limited resources to several competing activities on the basis of given criterion of optimality. The usefulness of linear programming as a tool for optimal decision-making on resource allocation, is based on its applicability to many diversified decision problems. The effective use and application requires, as on its applicability to many diversified decision problems. The effective use and application requires, as a first step, the mathematical formulation of an LP model, when the problem is presented in words.Steps of linear programming model formulation are summarized as follows : STEP 1 : Identify the Decision Variables a) Express each constraint in words. For this you should first see whether the constraint is of the form >/ (at least as large as), of the form < (no larger than) or of the form = (exactly equal to) b) You should then verbally express the objective function c) Steps (a) and (b) should then allow you to verbally identify the decision variablesIf there are several decision alternatives available , then in order to identify the decision variables you need to ask yourself the question – what decisions must be made in order to optimize the objective function ? Having accomplished step 1(a) through (c) decide the symbolic notation for the decision variables and specify units of measurement. Such specification of units of measurement would help in interpreting the final solution of the LP problem . STEP 2 : Identify the Problem Data For solving a problem, we need to identify the problem data so as to provide the actual values for the decision variables. For this,†¦

Building a Child’s Playhouse

This is an important issue because it concerns the welfare of children. Their mental health, wellbeing and recreation! The greatest parental happiness and the greatest parental worry are related to the joy and sorrow of their children. If you involve the children in building their own house, a Child’s Playhouse, you provide an outlet to them for their creative endeavors. But fortunately or unfortunately, commercialization of the Playhouse projects has robbed a big portion of creativity that really belongs to children.Yet, the concept of Playhouse still fascinates children and they feel a sense of involvement, in going through the literature, designs and colorful photographs concerning this project. Their involvement in the process of selection of the house thrills them. In the present day modern materialistic world, when there are too many unhealthy distractions for the children, to create social and home loving feelings in their minds is one of the solid achievements of conce pts like building a Child’s Playhouse. If such a house is at the countryside so much the better!It helps to cement the bonds between the children and Mother Nature with all her flora and fauna! If the children born and brought up in metropolitan cities were to stay in the Children’s Playhouse at the countryside, it will leave deep favorable impression on the formative minds. They will experience the difference between the concrete jungle and the real jungle of the birds and animals! Background information: Children are no ordinary market for the business giants. In fact, they are the main targets for food items and colas. The multinationals have staggering budgets running into millions of dollars to hook the children to their products.The business of costly, commercial Playhouses and Cottages has been taken over by the business community. â€Å"Do-It-Yourself Playhouse Building Plans, Build a new Playhouse, Play Fort, Kid's Cottage, or Child-Size Backyard Cabin for yo ur kids. These plans are crafted by experts and by the editors of magazines like Family Handyman, Garden Gate, WOOD Magazine, Workbench and more. They come with clear illustrations and step-by-step instructions to make your work easy. Most of the plans include complete material lists. (Summerwood Products)That’s about the real Playhouse, let us say, the architect’s playhouse, which is like a housing project, with the stamp of children’s enjoyment program. Naturally, the main emphasis of such types of Playhouses is what maximum happiness and sporting activities the house can provide for the children! In the construction of such Playhouses, the role of children in the process of construction and finishing is very limited, because every thing is related to the house arrives in a packed container/parcel, and the assembling part of such ‘engineering units’ also belongs to the company-trained personnel.Sometimes, children are mere observers; only they get the visual joy of the house being assembled by experts in front of their eyes. It is not possible to provide clear cut dimensions of a playhouse . The design and the area can be anything. The definition of a playhouse is, â€Å"a small structure that looks like a house and is big enough for children to play in. †(Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary) The children did build their Playhouses and found their own channels of happiness since time immemorial. But the models and designs have undergone metamorphic changes.In olden days, children built Playhouses using mud, tree leaves and branches, to play and enjoy the games created by them. They were low budget or no-budget playhouses, created for the sake of temporary enjoyments, during week ends and during holidays. There was more joy and less capital investment in such Playhouses. The study of the problem: During my study of the Playhouse phenomenon, I found the mushroom growth of playhouses of all sizes, varieties and d esigns. It has become a fashion with the city folk to own a Children’s Playhouse at the countryside. It is ‘construction activity’ in full swing!The Child’s Playhouse has almost become synonymous Holiday Homes built for employees by Banks, Multinational Corporations etc. The original purpose of building the play house for children was altogether different. It was by the children, for the children and to the children! If it is a real playhouse for children, the joy and the activity element in building the Playhouse, needs to be the exclusive property of the children. If the children remain present during the inaugural ceremony of a newly constructed playhouse by their rich parents, well, it is still a playhouse but much of the joy essence is not in it.Let the parents spend some quality time with their children. Have a close look at this observation by a father happily observing his child engaged in building something of her own! â€Å"Later, while recoveri ng from the shopping experience, I didn't notice Ana busy in her room–until I was called for a â€Å"fitting. † Resting on green sponge soles was a converted shoe box, with painted laces hooked around colored paper clips. My new â€Å"shoe† had everything: bagel stickers on its sides and sports-card toes, rivaling the best in-store models.Children in today's â€Å"media generation† often don't make things at home, and they often construct objects only in cyberspace. Computer games, and even the new Logos[R], come with hefty instruction manuals for constructing very specific pre-determined forms. Art teachers need to consider the importance of children making things, building by hand, constructing their own objects without formulas or patterns. † (Szekely, February 2001) Cost of building a Playhouse and material required: This is a highly hypothetical question and no fixed answer can be given.It all depends upon one’s requirements and plan. Wh at is important is the involvement of children in the construction of the house. That is the real Playhouse. It can be a low-budget simple cardboard playhouse, created by appliance boxes. Children need not be told how cut holes, windows and doors and install air conditioners! You can provide the children with dozens of boxes so that they can build a real big playhouse with all the furnishings like curtains, wall decorations and even a table tennis court! They can paint the house and make the interior decorations of their choice.And if you wish to go for real Play Houses, all that you have to do is go through the various catalogues and do the selection in consultation with your children, the real masters of the Play Houses! The material used for such Playhouses is of high quality and as per approved specifications. The Playhouse comes with a warranty of 5 years or more. The total cost of the Playhouse will be as per your budgetary allocations. Conclusion and recommendations: Children have endless possibilities and confidence. The parents and the teachers have a great responsibility to wean away the children from the net games.This is not to say that the net games are totally bad. But moderation in this area is the need of the hour. Children, love physical activity! Their real joy is in creativity, involvement, create playthings, alter playthings and destroy playthings. Building playhouses needs to be an important part of the syllabus for children, where the teachers should be mere observers. Watch and note what the children do, left to themselves. They can be given broad hints. The mention made about the responsibility of teachers and parents is just not an academic issue. Spending maximum time with your children is the social need of the present times.The distractions for the children and the younger generation are too many. Involvement of the parents in the activities that interest the children is one way to control them in the positive way. Staying in a play house and engaging with the children is good for both! Finally, try to awaken the hidden genius within your child. By allowing him to construct and have his own Play House! Word count: 1317. . Works Cited Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary. Summerwood Products, Designers of Fine Outdoor Structures Szekely, George. Handmade Art, Arts and Activities Magazine, February 2001.

The Case of Barnes and Noble Bookstores

This paper will analyse the current stock performance of Barnes and Noble Bookstores which are based in New York. The company, which started more than a century ago started out as a printing press and turned out to be one of the largest bookstores in the world. Tracking the company’s stock price performance in the New York Stock Exchange in a five-day period from August 6 up to August 10 for the current year as well as providing a forecast for its future performance can be attributed with several factors.One of the factors that affect the stock price performance of the company is the internal decisions that guide the company. Currently, under Steve Riggio’s term as CEO, the stock price of the company at NYSE has already soared to its current level of 30+- barrier through a lot of innovative as well as daring in-store offerings. In 2007, all of the Barnes and Noble Bookstores in the United States totalled to about 840 in all with average store openings of 30 to 40 every year. The stock price of Barnes and Noble has also been affected by the modern comfort offerings within all its stores which have Wi-Fi connections with modest separate fees.The Barnes and Noble stores also have the cafe offerings such as Starbucks coffee which greatly provides convenience to its customers. This could probably be one of the reasons why the company has been enjoying a modest growth for the past years. In 2006, revenues for Barnes and Noble and its subsidiaries reached $5. 3 billion USD. It could then be said that the modern as well as cosmopolitan outlook of the bookstore company would keep its stock prices as well as revenues up or the next couple of years or so.That is also according to the current figures provided by the company’s solid 57,000 employees as of the 1st quarter of 2007. Explaining how these internal factors could affect the fate of Barnes and Noble stock prices, it would have to be attributed to the image that the company projects towards thei r customers as well as their investors. The offerings are the company’s way of differentiating themselves from other conventional bookstores in the book retail industry.And with a market as volatile as that of the United States, market differentiation is really important for Barnes and Noble to win market shares as well as investors who would finance their planned expansions in the future. This would have to be coupled by other aggressive marketing strategies for their books as well as other future offerings which investors will dig out as good investments. External Influences Another important aspect in determining the future stock price performance of Barnes and Noble in the New York Stock Exchange are the external factors or those that are way beyond the control of the company.External factors may include the over-all performance of the retail industry, the situation of the US Stock markets as well as regional markets which may affect the company such their source of raw m aterials as well as major retail subsidiaries. In this case of Barnes and Noble, it can be said that the popular bookstore’s stock performance may be at the mercy of the bearish US stock market which as Ben Bernanke announced, could lead to a slight slowdown in the US economy as the US real estate draws to a halt.This could greatly affect Barnes and Noble which attributes most of its profits from high consumer spending. If and then the US economy would in fact be slowing down, the bookstore will experience a hard time making customers come back and purchase reading materials. Although the bookstore has offerings which may still entice customers to come back without even buying a book or a magazine, this situation could still greatly affect the performance of not only the bookstore’s stock price performance but for most American companies as well.

Animal Cruelty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Animal Cruelty - Essay Example It is very important that pet owners realize the fact that a pet is not some exotic, cozy, furry crawling thing that has to abide taking orders from them. Neither are they some kind of soft toys kept at home to provide few moments of excitement and joy in their monotonous life. When somebody decides to own a pet, they must own up the responsibility that comes with them. Like any other living being, they have emotions and feel pain. They also like humans get hungry, fall sick, and more importantly grow old. It is not a very rosy picture when we take account of reality. Several reports of pet abuse from all across the globe, confirms the truth that pets are not always safe from animal cruelty. In various lanes and avenues of several cities, dead animals are often found. Their dead bodies go by unnoticed. Cases of domestic pet violence are on the rise. Some people take their anger and frustration out on their pets. Many pets meet their death due to cruel behaviour of human beings. In mo st cases, their angry owners themselves exhibit such inhuman behaviour. They kill their pets to express their frustrations and then dump their dead bodies in garbage bins. Some cruel pet owners indulge their pets in pet fights. With the purpose to win some money, the lives of these pets are placed in danger. People bet on the lives of these pets, who are trained to fight in rings. Then there are some eccentric celebrities, who endorse using pets as fashion statement. Very often, it has been seen that celebrities use pets as gift items or some cloth piece to wrap around. In suburban areas and villages, animals like donkeys and horses are used to carry loads and carriages. The owners of these animals often use whiplash to make them work faster. Very less care is given to these animals; they are not properly fed or given medicine when they are sick. Many of them die early due to malnutrition and some die due to severe physical strain. Like human beings, some animals unable to bear the trauma loose their sanity. They become hysterical and often end up being hostile. Lack of nutrition, physical torture, being chained whole day to one location make many pets go wild in their behaviour. There have been some bizarre cases where pets have been found imprisoned in car trunks or dark attics, locked all alone left to die. There have been some cases where pets were administered drugs, just for the mere sick pleasure of the owners. These are just a few examples to elicit, some of the brutalities that these animals are made to bear. (Hardcastle, 2008) Current Pet Abuse Scenario On March 29, 2011, an un-named Retriever was brought to the animal shelter of Guilford. The dog had suffered severe burns on his skins caused by some chemicals. The injuries were severe and the dog could not survive. The dog passed away the same afternoon he was brought to the shelter. The culprits are yet to be identified. On the same day, Noelle Stanbridge a citizen of Ottumwa was found guilty of ab using her pet dog. She had hit her pet dog 15 times with a club. The irony is Noelle Stanbridge is famous in her circle as an animal activist. In New York, alone 79 cases of pet abuse were registered in the year 2010, which accounts for only 8 percent of the total pet abuse cases registered in USA, which stands at 986 cases for the year 2010 alone. There are majority of incidents, which do not even get

National and Global Identity in The Inheritance of Loss Essay

National and Global Identity in The Inheritance of Loss - Essay Example The key argument to be propounded within the course of the essay is that from the impressions of The Inheritance of Loss one has to conclude that the development of ‘global’ identity in non-Western societies is generally restricted to wealthier, more affluent and cosmopolitan classes of those societies, while the vast majority of population remains wedded to national identities, making a cultural bridge between these two social layers rather significant one. The nature and causes of existence of such cultural drift are fundamentally conditioned by the discrepancies generated in the course of twin processes of globalization and decolonization. Even though the decolonization and the growth in importance of the ‘Third World’ nations such as India have led to progressive shifts in the balance of forces within the global arena, it is still evident that the modern globalized world is still based on cultural patterns and assumptions that are directly inherited from the times of undisputed Western hegemony. The global identity, as expressed in the dominant models of consumption, education, etc., remains inherently Western, despite all attempts at making it more diverse and inclusive. Even though the very concept of â€Å"culture† has always been historically conditioned1, it is still evident that the vast majority of modern cultural identities are less prone to uprooting and homogenization than it is often assumed in various transnationalist concepts of world politics and culture. The globalization and the formation of the numerous layers of transnational migrants, voluntary and forced, permanent and temporary, shifted the balance from the maintenance of traditional identities, of national and local dimensions, to the construction and deconstruction of the global, homogeneous identity. However, as may be evidenced from The Inheritance of Loss, the situation may be more nuanced and difficult than can be judged from ‘common-senseâ⠂¬â„¢ representations of these processes. The growing trends for cultural integration and economic migration, despite being important for the general process of globalization, do little to mask the remaining chasms between the representatives of upper strata of non-Western societies and their compatriots remaining generally tied to cultural habits and traditions that still reign supreme over the people living in modern time. The Inheritance of Loss testifies to this very situation. The major characters of the novel are in their own way expressions of the aforementioned dichotomy. The two groups of the characters, each representing a respective social class, embody the controversies generated by globalization and de-localization. The Judge Patel and his granddaughter Sai represent the two generations of upper-class cosmopolitanism and geographical and educational mobility. While they may differ among themselves in subtleties of cultural perceptions, both of these characters are disti nguished by intense interest and self-identification with the non-Indian cultural environment – an Anglicized, respectable, upper-middle class world that is both connected with the Indian tradition, albeit of British Raj variety, and deeply estranged from it. Sai’s recollections of her upbringing in the Catholic Church and the secular and non-traditional lifestyle of her parents are indicative of that. While the secularism was not inherent in Indian

Marketing Plan Phase III Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan Phase III - Research Paper Example This new product idea will undergo the phases of a product life cycle. â€Å"The product life cycle describes the stages a really new product idea goes through from beginning to end. The product life cycle is divided into four major stages: (1) market introduction, (2) market growth, (3) market maturity, and (4) sales decline† (Perreault, Cannon, & McCarthy, 2011). In the introduction stage of the turkey burger, McDonald’s objective is to build product awareness and develop a market for the burger. Informative promotion is an essential method to communicate potential customers about the benefits of the new turkey burger. â€Å"In the market growth stage, industry sales grow fast—but industry profits rise and then start falling† (Perreault et al., 2011). During this stage the company will seek to build brand preference and increase market share. Adding qualities while maintaining the quality of the burger may increase the demand of the product. This stage is the best time to invest in advertisement for a broader audience. â€Å"The market maturity stage occurs when industry sales level off and competition gets tougher† (Perreault et al., 2011). At maturity stage, the strong sales diminish and persuasive promotion becomes crucial for the company. â€Å"The primary objective at this point is to defend the market share while maximizing profit† (QuickMBA.com, 2010). The company can achieve this by enhancing product features and enforcing competitive strategies. During the sales decline stage new products replace the old and competition becomes more vigorous. However, McDonald’s strong brand will continue making profits until the end. During this stage the company has several options: maintain the burger and possibly rejuvenate it by adding new features and offering new benefits; reduce costs and continue to offer the turkey burger to a loyal market segment; or discontinue the product and liquidating the remaining

'it's not enough to condemn crime, we need to understand its causes' Essay

'it's not enough to condemn crime, we need to understand its causes'. Critically analyse this statement from the perspective of right wing criminologists and on - Essay Example This has worked to turn the legal system quite mechanical and the concept of crime that is seen with fear and disdain and not a social disease that has to be attacked from the roots. This paper examines the view that criminology should adopt a studious stance on the fact that the events of crime should not be considered as those that need just a structured meting out of justice to the perpetrator but that each crime event should be proactively viewed as an event that is caused by underlying social forces and equations that have given rise to root factors for its perpetration. Only when such a view is taken will the present criminal justice system emerge towards effective elimination or reduction of the crime from our society. There has been tremendous interest of late into the political, social and commercial realities of the victims of crime. This is encompassed within a broad ranging view concerning the changing role of victims within the criminal justice process, their needs and rights, as well as victimological theories which help to explain and understand the process of victimization. In tandem to this there has been a parallel interest in the political, social and commercial realities of the perpetrators of the crime which lead to a set of factors that spurred the happening of the crime events. These augmenting factors if tackled and resolved effectively would help reduce crime. This, in fact is the preventive approach to crime. Different criminal justice systems the world over have different core orientations. For instance, the US criminal justice system views itself as following a â€Å"systems" approach to criminal justice, with improved coordination among law enforcement, courts, and correctio nal agencies.(Walker,1992) The 1967 Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice termed the criminal justice system as the means for society to "enforce

Managing Work Activities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Work Activities - Assignment Example It also discusses the importance of planning in business, relationship between departments, and the exchange of information in an engineering company. The paper distinguishes between the single use plan designed to be used only once for a specific purpose, and the standing plans which are made to be used repetitively. The engineering departments are linked to one another by the roles they act, which enable all to contribute to the success of the business. Necessary information also flows across different departments coordinating their functions. Keyword: Engineering, Production, Departments, Planning, Quality Control, Functions, Processes, Customers, Suppliers, Engineering Business 1. Identify at least five functions of an engineering business (which could be the engineering business you established in assignment 1). Classify those functions according to their purpose. Show the relationship between these business functions using the organisational structure of the engineering busines s The role an engineering business plays ensures that an optimal path is developed so that the user of the product or service produced, through the operations that have been used in the business, can obtain the maximum benefit at a minimal cost. The functions of the engineering business are hence not confined within the business or company operations in engineering the product but include the commercial roles that affect the engineering aspect functions. According to Tooley and Dingle (2010), design, research and development, product development, manufacturing, quality and planning are the engineering functions, while sales, commissioning, marketing, distribution, finance and purchasing are the commercial functions. The engineering functions direct the technical expertise, the tools and processes used and the way they should be implemented so that the right technical judgment is made. Some of the functions can be managed when grouped together, which saves resources, but all have a u nique feature whose general aim is the production. In any organisation, production needs inputs to come up with outputs; hence the engineering business has the management, suppliers, employees and customers. The business uses the purchasing function to access the suppliers for the required materials for production, from which the management takes the lead to ensure production uses a plan and schedule set. Research and development (R&D) and product development are ever consistent functions that ensure the business remains competitive and brings to the consumers what they need, by involving the expertise in the marketing fields, designs and productions so that the invention or the customer’s needs are met. The processes in building the product involve following the designs or the manufacturing framework. From this stage, control is very critical for the management to produce within the budget, which liaises with the finance department to finance the immediate activities or thos e that would work in parallel. This helps to avoid delays in production and ensure the finances are used efficiently. When the products are out, they are delivered to the consumers through the marketing strategies. The business uses most of the commercial functions at this point to finish the stock. Sales should find and maintain customers in the future market. The business gets to distribute their products to the wholesale shops, sometimes the

Market Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market Intervention - Essay Example The prime argument for the initiation of minimum wages has been the removal of economic disparity. As it has been observed time and again that the poor workers have been deprived of the minimum facilities and benefits by the employers all over the globe, the concept of minimum wages aimed to end the economic oppression. United Kingdom has not been an exception either. It was in the year of 1999 that the government of United Kingdom (led by the Labour Party) introduced the minimum wage. The initiation of the ‘National Minimum Wage’ is considered as one of the most significant interventions by the government in the labour market. The other major party of the United Kingdom, the Conservative Party which opposed the minimum wage previously in 1991, also vouched for the cause since 2005. The major objective of the minimum wages has been the rise of standard of living of the working class of the society (Center for Economic Performance, â€Å"Policy Analysis†). Prior to the implementation of minimum wages, the concerned quarters of the industry speculated that the installation of minimum wages might reduce up to two million of jobs alone in the market of United Kingdom. It was so predicted because it was estimated that the employers will reduce the number of posts as they would have to pay minimum wages for any new employment and therefore, they would rather try to extract more work from those who already have higher wage. But the various research reports prepared in the subsequent years proved such speculation to be impractical as there was no reported news of spillover. The implementation of minimum wage proved to be extremely beneficial to the female workforce of the United Kingdom. Also, it was observed that the implementation of such wage structure contributed to increase of wage for about 5% to 6% of the workforce of the United Kingdom during the initial years.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

History - Essay Example Even though well documented sources for this time period are lacking and a lot of the available information is believed to have a mythical and folktale nature, nevertheless, the Vikings were present and have managed to leave their mark on Scotland during this historical period. Also- called the era of the Dark Ages in Europe Vikings were often called Scandinavian warriors or Norse, due to their primary origins. The Vikings nation was known with its polygamy meaning that men had more than one wife (Flow of History, 2007). Thus plenty of children were born and soon enough the nation had to expand. The younger ones were determined to find new lands, in far better and warmer places. Adventure was in their blood. Soon Northern Europe had plenty of Vikings in their lands (Flow of History, 2007). In the early ninth century Vikings occupied, Italy, France and England, later on even Byzantium, they were so brave to travel that even reached North America. Having the best sailing ships, fearless Vikings soon invaded many lands. A remarkable body of Scottish Gaelic oral tradition has survived into the twentieth century, some part of which relates to the Vikings and other Norse themes. Its content cannot, however, be taken at face value as a straightforward form of historical sources material. For instances, the heroic ballads and legends containing a ‘Viking’ element are set within a marvelous and magical world. (Graham-Campbell & Batey 2005, p. 46) In the late 8th century huge ships arrived at the coast of North Britain and Scotland. Viking warriors were said to raid and plunder what is now Edinburgh in the 793 AD (Barett, 2003). Many of the associations with the Vikings include terror and savage. Many preserved paintings from this period depict Vikings and their horrible invasions and attacks which still carry a significant

Scholary discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scholary discussion - Essay Example Thus, quality assurance is ensured through peer reviewing of the information, which is published in the online environment. The environment also ensures that there is fair use of the published information for the purposes of research and education. Hence, preservation of the scholarly information so that it becomes available after a long-time occurs. Social networks and online environments are different. For social networks, scholar focus more on sharing ideals and issues, which are directed on their social life while in the online environments the focus is on contribution towards scholarly field. Scholarly discussions in online environment have rules and regulations, but in social networks there are no rules and regulations (Morgenthaler 335). Further, social networks lack the principles of guiding how the discussions have to occur. As such, there are no structures on how social network discussions occur. This makes social networks not to be effective means of conducting scholarly discussions on different