How Biobutanol Can Be Used as a Motor Fuel

Biobutanol is four-carbon alcohol derived from the fermentation of biomass. When it is produced from petroleum-based feedstocks, its commonly called butanol. Biobutanol is in the same family as other commonly known alcohols, namely single-carbon methanol, and the more-well-known two-carbon alcohol ethanol. The importance of the number of carbon atoms in any given molecule of alcohol is directly related to the energy content of that particular molecule. The more carbon atoms present, especially in a long carbon-to-carbon bond chains, the denser in energy the alcohol is. Breakthroughs in biobutanol processing methods, namely the discovery and development of genetically modified microorganisms, has set the stage for biobutanol to surpass ethanol as a renewable fuel. Once considered usable only as an industrial solvent and chemical feedstock, biobutanol shows great promise as a motor fuel due to its favorable energy density, and it returns better fuel economy and is considered a superior motor fuel (when compared to ethanol). Biobutanol Production Biobutanol is derived mainly from the fermentation of the sugars in organic feedstocks (biomass). Historically, up until about the mid-50s, biobutanol was fermented from simple sugars in a process that produced acetone and ethanol, in addition to the butanol component. The process is known as ABE (Acetone Butanol Ethanol) and has used unsophisticated (and not particularly hearty) microbes such as Clostridium acetobutylicum. The problem with this type of microbe is that it is poisoned by the very butanol it produces once the alcohol concentration rises above approximately 2 percent. This processing problem caused by the inherent weakness of generic-grade microbes, plus inexpensive and abundant (at the time) petroleum gave way to the simpler and cheaper distillation-from-petroleum method of refining butanol. My, how times change. In recent years, with petroleum prices heading steadily upwards, and worldwide supplies getting tighter and tighter, scientists have revisited the fermentation of sugars for the manufacturing of biobutanol. Great strides have been made by researchers in creating â€Å"designer microbes† that can tolerate higher concentrations of butanol without being killed off. The ability to withstand harsh high concentration alcohol environments, plus the superior metabolism of these genetically enhanced bacteria has fortified them with the endurance necessary to degrade the tough cellulosic fibers of biomass feedstocks such as pulpy woods and switchgrass. The door has been kicked open and the reality of cost competitive, if not cheaper, renewable alcohol motor fuel is upon us. Advantages So, all of this fancy chemistry and intense research notwithstanding, biobutanol has many advantages over here-to-fore easier-to-produce ethanol. Biobutanol has a higher energy content than ethanol, so there is a much lower loss of fuel economy. With an energy content of about 105,000 BTUs/gallon (versus ethanol’s approximate 84,000 BTUs/gallon), biobutanol is much closer to the energy content of gasoline (114,000 BTUs/gallon).Biobutanol can be easily blended with conventional gasoline at higher concentrations than ethanol for use in unmodified engines. Experiments have shown that biobutanol can run in an unmodified conventional engine at 100 percent, but to date, no manufacturers will warrant use of blends higher than 15 percent.Because it is less susceptible to separation in the presence of water (than ethanol), it can be distributed via conventional infrastructure (pipelines, blending facilities and storage tanks). There’s no need for a separate distribution network.It is less corrosive than ethanol. Not only is biobutanol a higher-grade more energy dense fuel, but it is also less explosive than ethanol.EPA te st results show that biobutanol reduces emissions, namely hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Exact values depend upon the engine state of tune. But that’s not all. Biobutanol as a motor fuel—with its long chain structure and preponderance of hydrogen atoms—could be used as a stepping-stone in bringing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to the mainstream. One of the biggest challenges facing hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development is the storage of onboard hydrogen for sustainable range and the lack of hydrogen infrastructure for fueling. The high hydrogen content of butanol would make it an ideal fuel for onboard reforming. Instead of burning the butanol, a reformer would extract the hydrogen to power the fuel cell. Disadvantages It is not common for one fuel type to have so many obvious advantages without at least one glowing disadvantage; however, with biobutanol versus ethanol argument, that doesn’t appear to be the case. Currently, the only real disadvantage is there are many more ethanol refining facilities than biobutanol refineries. And while ethanol refining facilities far outnumber those for biobutanol, the possibility of retrofitting ethanol plants to biobutanol is feasible. And as refinements continue with genetically modified microorganisms, the feasibility of converting plants becomes greater and greater. It’s clear that biobutanol is the superior choice over ethanol as a gasoline additive and perhaps eventual gasoline replacement. For the past 30 years or so ethanol has had most of the technological and political support and has seeded the market for renewable alcohol motor fuel. Biobutanol is now poised to pick up the mantle.

Creative Writing The Story Of Life - 1435 Words

The platform dominated the small briefing room, with short rows of ageing white tables and grey plastic chairs surrounding it. As he looked ahead, Tom smiled at the oversized Erratech logo emblazoned on the wall. The gleaming surface glared in contrast to the fading decor. As he reached the front, he rolled to face the crowd. To steady his nerves and compose his mind, he leafed through the bundle of notes he held in his left hand, then after a brief pause, he drew a deep, slow breath and gazed around the room. The last of his team were taking their places, and even though he was eager to begin, he waited. Finally, they turned their rapt attention towards him, and at once everyone fell silent. To address them together was a rarity. An†¦show more content†¦Tomorrow, well be departing this charming place we call home in a ship named, Obsidia. Boo. Its a fix, Michael called out, grinning beside Moira. Tom winked at his brother. And for anyone still wondering, yes, it was my suggestion. As he searched the reactions of the group, he found his sudden need for their acceptance curious and odd. And I have a pleasant surprise. For a few of you at least. For those who arent involved in the launch, Harold, our Ground Crew Supervisor, and his team are preparing a spectators pen in front of the hangar. With a respectful nod, he acknowledged the huge man in the dirty overalls by the back wall. Its for staff only. Sorry, no friends or family members, but youll be able to watch first hand what youve worked so hard to achieve, as long as you remember to stay within the designated section. Tom paused again and smiled. He could see from their astonished stares it wasnt expected, the standard protocol was for everyone to remain inside the compound throughout a launch. And while were here together. Does anyone have any concerns they need to raise? As he stared at the blank expressions accompanying the shaking heads, he experienced a flood of relief. Thats fantastic. 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Logistics & Supply Chain Management NSW

Question: Discuss about the Logistics Supply Chain Managementfor NSW. Answer: Introduction Logistics management is the part of supply chain management (Farahani, Shabnam Rezapour Kardar, 2011). It refers to the effective and efficient working of the process of the point of origin on the manufacturers part and point of consumption on the customers part in order to meet out the demands of the customers. This involves all the information, storage, inflow and outflow of goods and services. It is important because it manages the overall functions of the organization and not just parts of it. It adds value to the goodwill of the company. The current report is on the Qube Holdings of Australia which is in Sydney, NSW. It was founded in 2010 and it deals in logistics and infrastructure (Qube, 2017). The report will discuss the problems that are faced by the organization occurring in the current logistics network of NSW, the solution to resolve the problem and the role of NSW government in resolving the problems. Apart from this, it will also discuss the logistics strategies to re solve the problem and recommendations. Problems Faced by the Company in Current Logistics Network in NSW When it comes to logistics the first word coming to the mind is transportation but it is more than that because it involves various other important activities also (Zezzatti Ochoa, 2012). The problems/challenges that are faced by the organization in the current scenario are of various types: Geographical, legislative, environmental, technological, demographical and other challenges (Stewart, 2011). These are needed to be taken care of in order to have a systematic functioning of the whole of the organization. Geographical Problems It can be further divided into two which are regional and urban problems. These are related to the natural or man-made structures of the Earth. Urban Problems The urban problems that the logistics organization faces are the toll roads, traffic jams and changes in the roads. These problems affect the proper transportation of goods and services and therefore, the working of the organization (Fernie Sparks, 2014). Traffic congestion is a daily challenge for the company especially during the peak hours which affects the smooth functioning of the organization. Road changes are another big task for the logistics company in order to meet out the day to day functions. There is one-ways on roads which many a times increases the travel time of the drivers. Roads which have hospitals and schools usually prohibit the entry of heavy vehicles. Free and motorways are constructed in order to avoid the problems of traffic jams but these have toll roads which incurs cost to the companies. In relation to this the companies are required to keep aside the toll expenses for the smooth functioning and to keep the process going. This will also enable the compani es have a regular and efficient route. Regional Problems They are related to the conditions and network of roads present across the country. In respect to this company face problems of the poor conditions of the roads which increases the travel time and also the chances of mishappening during the transit. It also deals with the problems of the non-connectivity of the roads with the parts of the city. Less number of the petrol pumps on highways and freeways is also another big problem. Animals are one of a great threat while travelling as they come in between the roads. Hence, they are a threat to not only the goods rather also the people. Legislative Problems They are those which are related to the national regulations which are imposed on transportation of goods and services. The funds provided by the government are withdrawn because of their strict budget. Railways and roads inaccessibility is also a hurdle for the logistics. Inspections on the export and import of the goods will involve time and therefore, will lead to loss of business to the company. Environmental Problems The above challenge has evolved over the period of time in order to encourage companies to go green and protect the environment around them. This involves the problems related to the awareness of the climate conditions. One of the big problems is to operate by reducing the waste of the companies in order to promote the company towards the sustainable working. Natural calamities are also one of the obstacles which can affect the logistics management. Technological Problems These problems are associated with the risks which are involved with the technological up gradation which results into huge costs. Another problem is the extreme dependence on the technology as most of the information is saved in the systems. Installation of new systems is another problem as employees need time to cope with them. This involves training cost and time required to update the information in the new systems. Demographical Problems Demographic factors like age are a barrier as the older people who work even after their retirement age in order to have money for their future life. They act as a barrier as they have occupied the opportunities of the young people. They are very much rigid to changes and new advancements taking place and it is also very difficult to train them in comparison to the old people. Physically also they are weaker as compared to the young ones. Other Problems Some of the other challenges are the threat to market entrants, increase in the prices of fuel, safety of the goods and maintenance. Threat of new entry will reduce the market share of the company. Increase in the fuel prices will increase the overall cost which will therefore, pass the burden of the cost to the ultimate consumers by rise in the prices. Maintenance and safety of inventory and goods in transit involves costs to the company. Resolution of Problem For resolving the problems in logistics companies should follow the logistics process which is divided into four steps: acquisition, distribution, sustainment and disposition. The problems discussed above needs to be solved as the company should pay more attention in planning and implementation of the logistics because the whole organization depends on it. Coordination among the factors improves the working of the organization (Christopher, 2016). The managers should organize meetings with the workers and the drivers because they are the key people who will execute the task planned by the mangers. Mangers will have to make them understand the problems which might occur in the execution and the ways through which they can get rid of it. Training should be given to the people involved in the logistics management regarding the material handling, order fulfilment, customer service, warehousing, transportation management and inventory and freight management. Route planning is very much important as far as the transportation of goods is concerned. Driver training is very important for the fuel efficiency. The company should recruit those who have experience and knowledge of routes and the ability to deal with problems that might occur during transit. The pricing of the transportation must be commodity based and the mode of transportation can also shift to a cheap mode in order to make the organization competitive in the market. Reduction in the costs of freight will therefore, lead to the cheap transportation and finally, decrease in the prices of the product (QUBE, 2013). The company should select the mode of transport with proper analysis so that unwanted expenses incurred while choosing an expensive mode can be reduced. The company should make an on-going effort for improving the production methods in order to reduce the amount of wastes. They should also use advanced green technologies in their warehouses like solar plants to save the electricity and reduce their costs. Employee satisfaction is also very important factor for the management of inventory as the more they will be satisfied with their job the more they will be productive. This can be done by reducing their pressure by allowing them to take breaks in their work to relax and release stress. Proper cooling stations should be present in warehouses in order to get rid of the heat. Company should also go for job rotation for the employees who are older so that younger people can come forward and perform. The older ones should be given training and support for their new roles. Quotas should be framed in the company policy for the people working above the age of retirement. The company execute the logistics strategies into steps to ensure smooth functioning and enable corrective options to be taken then and there. Restrictions related to the import and exports should be strictly followed so that the company do not enter into any violation of the rules. Moreover, if they follow proper guidelines they will make plans for future. Role of NSW Government in the Resolution of Problems In any economy, the role of the government is very much important in order to control the market functioning. The government formulate rules and regulations for the export and import policies of the country (Decker, 2014). They formulate and implement tariff and non-tariff barriers on the movement of goods and services in order to control the in and out activities of companies dealing in logistics of goods and services. The current company works under the NSW government, Australia. Therefore, the government also plays a vital role in solving the problems of logistics and supply chain management of company across the country. The role of NSW in the resolution of problems can be that the government will have to work on the improvement in the road conditions because it is a continuous process. With respect to this it the responsibility of the government to manage and take care of the infrastructure and development of the country. Government should also take initiatives as far as the gre en technologies are concerned because with their help only the wind and solar plants can be evolved. Better roads will ensure better travel i.e. roads with warning signs, directions and proper road lights will help less of mishappening and smooth functioning. Regular monitoring and improvement of the early roads should be done by the government. All the freeways, motorways and toll roads should have feedback and grievance cell so that travellers can communicate their problems and suggestions to the development department. This will ensure the growth of country as well as the companies. In relation to this revenues of the companies will increase the per capita and national income of the country. Government should improve the public transport facilities so that transporting of heavy loads can be done through them. Like, railways can be better option for heavy loads and it is also cheap in comparison to other means of transport. Government can also provide land space to the owners of t he warehouses away from the city area in order to ensure smooth functioning entire day. Specific timings can be set for the heavy vehicles especially timings other than the office timings. In addition to this, it will benefit them as this will reduce the travel time because of less rush on roads. Modification of roads is also a big need in order to provide good experience to the drivers as this will give them satisfaction and motivate them to take trips for any of the areas and not be specific for routes. Hence, the government is one of the important factors in dealing with the logistics and supply chain management across the country in respect to the study of problems and their resolution. Conclusion The current report concludes that the company working in the logistics and supply chain management has to take care of various problems and challenges that come in between their processes. Analysis of such problems and their corrective solutions are required from their part. This step will ensure the process as completed when they will deliver the right goods and services at the right place and on the right time. The role of the NSW government is very important as they will help in the effective running of the companies because government intervention is essential with respect to the setting of policies which will encourage the businesses to earn and therefore, the better income of the country. Recommendations On the basis of the above report this can be recommended that the company should introduce new ERP systems so that this will help in multiple tasks like providing real time data, tool for the employees, each department will be connected, increase the transparency and decrease in their miscommunication. Internal training should be given to the employees of the whole process and understanding of the supply chain management process. Apart from this, there must be backup plans ready for any failure or risks which might occur anytime. An efficient logistics coordinator should be appointed who must have real time experience in the same field and the ability to coordinate among different people and centres like manufacturing plant, suppliers, distribution centres, assembly plant, dock, carrier, freight forwarder and customer. The right candidate should also have a team of people to manage all the above responsibilities. Management of costs is also a great concern for the company as the high logistics and supply costs will increase the price of goods and services and the consumers expectations are low with respect to the price of the product. Therefore, costs are needed to be managed. Strong supply chain network is also advisable to the company in order to avoid the unnecessary delays in dispatch and deliveries. The network will deal with all the activities of demand, supply, manufacturing, transportation (international and domestic), inventory and distribution (scdigest, 2012). References Christopher, M., 2016, Logistics supply chain management, Pearson, UK. Decker, M., 2014, Last Mile Logistics for Disaster Relief Supply Chain Management: Challenges and Opportunities for Humanitarian Aid and Emergency Relief, Anchor Academic Publishing, Deutschland. Farahani, R, Rezapour, S Kardar, L., 2011, Logistics Operations and Management: Concepts and Models, Elsevier, Walthman, USA. Fernie, J. Sparks, L., 2014, Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. QUBE, 2013, Submission to the review of NSW rail access regime, viewed 20 January 2017, from https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/b2b/freight/rail-access-review-qube-logistics.pdf. Qube, 2017, viewed 20 January 2017, from https://www.qube.com.au/about/history. Scdigest, 2012, Recommendations for supply chain visibility success, viewed 21 January 2017, from https://www.scdigest.com/ASSETS/ON_TARGET/12-05-01-1.php. Stewart, N, 2011, Australian logistics challenges and solutions to overcome them, viewed 20 January 2017, from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/35105/Stewart_Neil.pdf?sequence=1 Zezzatti, O Ochoa, C, A., 2012, Logistics Management and Optimization through Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Systems, IGI Global, USA.

Unc Sucks, Duke Rules Essays - , Term Papers

Unc Sucks, Duke Rules Tar Heels Ladies and Gentlemen: Welcome to Cyber SAT 1,000. The Intercollegiate College Athletic Aptitude (ICAA) Organization has requested this {cyber-SAT} test to be used in its future polling and data compiling services. Please answer the following questions: All are multipule choice: QUESTION # 1{ Who is the only coach to ever be ejected from a Final Four? A. Jerry Tarkanian B. Hulk Hogan C. Dean Smith D.Sylvia Hatchell QUESTION # 2 Who is the only assistant coach in NCAA Basketball to attempt to assault the referee who ejected that teams head coach? A. Elderly retiree B. The Mummy C. Bill Guthridge D. Mr Spock. QUESTION # 3 When a UNC co-ed wakes up in the morning she: A. Goes home. B. Grazes C.Collects her Money and leaves the motel D.Realizes she wasn't left any money and gets throw in jail for not being able to pay for the motel room QUESTION # 4 Unc's main recruiting areas in the 1990's are: A. Europe B. Central Prison- C.Outer Space D. all of the above QUESTION # 5 The reason the Dean Smith Center seats over 20,000 is: A. More fat cats to pay more moola B.Needed an arena with a large air space to fit all those egos inside it. C.Needed more space to shove the students back to. D.Stick the Tax Payers with a higher maintence fee thus ensuring a tax write-off since the dump loses money every year. QUESTION # 6 The Toughest course for the Mens UNC Basketball team is: A. Basketweaving 101 B. Study Hall C. Maps 101 (to help locate where tiny schools are that beat them in the Tourney) D. rebounding 101 (for Haywood) QUESTION # 7 in order to get season tickets and a good seat to UNC Men's Home Games one must: A. Order a season ticket package and make a 300,000 dollar donation to the coffers. B. Promise to car pool so the parking lot won't be so confusing with 20,000 Lexus and BMW'S all over the place C.Be able to lift your nose a few inches higher than the average canary. D.Promise not to cheer loudly so you won't hurt Mrs Thurstons ears. QUESTION # 8 Head to Head Games mean so much to Tarheel fans because: A. It helps them forget previous failures B.They think it has something to do with Linda Lovelace. C.hey, if Bill does it why can't they? D.It's the only comeback they have when Duke and Kentucky fans discuss team of the 90's QUESTION # 9 Bill Guthridge is a favorite coach amongst the other ACC fans because: A. The man hasn't seen and X or an O since he played tic-tac-toe as a child B. He reminds them that they're really not over the hill. C. He's helped Duke recruit another stockpile of talent. D. They all want to keep embarrassing the Heels. QUESTION # 10 what are 10 major differences between Duke and UNC FANS: 1. Duke Camping Out UNC Leaving Early. 2.Duke- Parking Improvements paid for with alumni donations. UNC-Parking improvements paid for with 1.2 million dollars in taxpayer money 3. Duke: Valedictorians UNC: Marginal Qualifiers 4. Duke: Going to Games to see Basketball. UNC: Going to Games to be seen 5. Duke:Disdainful fans UNC: Fans with massive inferiority complex 6. Duke: Three National Defensive Players Of The Year UNC:Greatest Defensive Accomplishment: Coach holds Jordan under 20 ppg. 7. Duke: Cameron Chaos UNC: Golf claps 8. Duke: Players majoring in History and Pre-med UNC: Players majoring in General studies 9.Duke: The Cameron Crazies UNC: The Fat-Cat alumni 10. Duke: Competitive admissions UNC: decent pulse? you're in!! QUESTION # 11 what is the top crime amongst Unc Basketball Players Historically: A. Beat UP Girlfriends B. Beat up someone in a bar C. resisting arrest D.all of the above and more QUESTION # 12 Unc fans hate Duke head coach Mike Krzyzewski because: A.Has a better Final Four record than any coach they've ever had B.won his 2 before Dean C.Steals their recruits on a consistent basis these days which is something NCSU could never do. D. Triple Crown has increased the rabid hatred 10 fold. QUESTION # 13 Name the top 5 weapons and suspects most commonly accused in the Board Game called CLUE A. Col Mustard- ROPE B. Mrs Peacock-REVOLVER C. JEff Mcinnis- LEADPIPE D. Professer Plum-POISON QUESTION # 14, what are the top 5 things UNC fans will be doing this spring A.attacking Duke B.Praying to Buddha,Koran,Bible, that Brand and Avery turn pro C.searching all the maps in the public libraries to find out once and for all where the Hell weber state actually is D.Convincing themselves that another great crop of incoming recruits at Duke either: A ALL SUCK B OR THEY

The Imagery of Hamlet essays

The Imagery of Hamlet essays Shakespeares Hamlet uses imagery as a means to portray ideas that varies away from the normal representation of a thought. Shakespeare uses imagery as a vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas. Imagery permits the reader to reveal the authors intentions instead of hearing their descriptions. Learning the ideas makes this type of doubtfulness more powerful rather than being shown to the reader. The intensity of imagery used throughout the play is unmistakable.(Imagery) Three important functions are used to show the performance of imagery in Hamlet. First, the main characters of the play are individualized. Second, major themes are announced and elaborated. Finally, it places images in the audiences mind by establishing the atmosphere of the play and it keeps the basic mood of the tragedy. The clarity in which Shakespeare uses imagery helps to define these functions, emphasizing what is really important to humanity.(Imagery of Hamlet) A clear reoccurring pattern in the plays imagery is evident by the poisoned sword and cup. Hamlets father being poisoned is a major symbol of the moral condition of Denmark. Just as Claudius poured the leporous distilment into his sleeping brothers ear, which spread all throughout his body and destroyed the healthy living being, Claudius morally poisons Gertrude with the witchcraft of his wit and with traitorous gifts. In order to please his evil master, Polonius yields the kings moral poison and will even give up his daughter Ophelia to Hamlet. As a result of moral poison, the morally unstable Laertes loses his life because he is unable to resist Claudius moral poison. The symbols of the poisoned sword and cup represent the evil plot developed by the treacherous, which specifically spell out the end product of their development.(Mack 2) Unmistakably Claudius and Laertes developed their...

How to Print an Array in PHP Using Print_r()

How to Print an Array in PHP Using Print_r() An array in PHP computer programming contains a group of similar objects that are the same type and size. The array can contain integers, characters, or anything else with a defined data type. The print_r PHP function is used to return an array in a human readable form. It is written as: print_r($your_array) In this example, an array is defined and printed. The tag pre indicates the following code is preformatted text. This tag causes the text to be displayed in a fixed-width font. It preserves line breaks and spaces, making it easier for the human observer to read. pre?php $Names array (a Angela, b Bradley, c array (Cade, Caleb)); print_r ($Names); ? /pre When the code is run, the results looks like this: Array([a] Angela[b] Bradley[c] Array([0] Cade[1] Caleb)) Variations of Print_r You can store the result of print_r in a variable with a second parameter to print_r. This technique prevents any output from the function. Augment the function of print_r with var_dump and var_export to show protected and private properties of the objects, including type and value. The difference of the two is that var_export returns valid PHP code, whereas var_dump does not. Uses for PHP PHP is a server-side language used to add enhanced features  to a website developed in HTML, such as surveys, shopping carts, login boxes, and CAPTCHA codes. You can use it to build an online community, integrate Facebook with your website, and generate PDF files. With PHPs file-handling functions, you can create photo galleries and you can use the GD library included with PHP to generate thumbnail images, add watermarks, and resize and crop images. If you host banner ads on your website, PHP rotates them at random.  The same feature can be used to rotate quotations. It is easy to set up page redirects using PHP and if you are wondering how often your visitors check out your website, use PHP to set up a counter.

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

2 - Assignment Example In the current methodology of commissions for the front-line salesmen, the annual break-even point in dollar sales and in unit sales for Shop 48 is sales of 12,500 pair of shoes for gross sales of $375,000. Appendix 1 shows a graph from zero to seventeen thousand units sold in a given year, with both fixed and variable expenses taken into account. Based upon projected annual sales of 17,000 pairs of shoes, potential profit for Shop 48 would be $54,000 on annual sales of $510,000. Another question raised was what the profit or loss would be on 12,000 pairs yearly. After expenses, the store would realize a net loss of $6,000. In the next circumstance, the company is toying with the idea of offering the store manager of Shop 48 an incentive commission of $0.75 (seventy-five cents) per pair of shoes, leaving the salespersons’ commission intact. What would this added commission have on the break-even point in dollar sales and in unit sales? It is clearly shown that the break even point would indeed rise considerably. Technically there would be no â€Å"break even point†, for at 13,333 pairs the shop would be operating at a loss of $3.75 and one more pair (13,334) would give them a net profit of $7.50. Either way, sales would have to be roughly $400,000 per annum to achieve a profit, or an increase of $25,000 in gross sales annually. As an another option to the situation above, what if the store manager was given fifty cents commission on each pair of shoes sold beyond the break-even point? Their question on this was what the shops net operating income would be based upon 15,000 pairs of shoes sold annually. This would include the data as discussed for current operations in that 12,500 pair of shoes for gross sales of $375,000 is the BE point. With this, 15,000 pairs of shoes would give the store gross sales of $450,000 annually. With the added expense of the fifty cent commission on 2,500 pairs net profit would then be

Case study 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case study 2 - Essay Example This paper will describe the approach to care that is necessary to be given to Mr. P and the treatment plan. The paper will also describe the methods for providing both the patient and family members with education. In order to give the proper care needed for any sickness, the care provider should first seek the doctors’ guidance. Since Mr. P is suffering from heart failure, it would be necessary that a follow up is made to ensure that he uses the prescribed drug as required without missing a single prescription. The care will also involve ensuring that Mr. P visits the hospital at the right time. It is also essential that care should involve provision of moral support. In this case, he should be provided with all assistance needed, especially with activities that he cannot do due to his condition (Maron, 2008). The treatment plan of cardiomyopathy and heart failure is to cope with the disease symptoms and signs. It also involves ensuring that the condition is not left to worsen and risks and complications are minimized. The recommended treatments for Mr. P regarding his health status include the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. This enzyme assists in boosting heart pumping aptitude. The enzymes include lisinopril, enalapril, captopril, and ramipril. In case he is not able to take ACE, he should be given angiostensin recerpter blockers such as valsartan and losartan. This should be taken in accordance with doctor’s prescriptions. Cardiomyopathy can also be treated using Digoxin (lanoxin) drug. This drug helps in increasing the strength of the patient’s heart muscle contraction. The drug is also said to slow down rate of heartbeat. It minimizes symptoms of heart failure thereby improving the patient’s ability to live with the disease (Maron, 2008). Since Mr. P has some traces of blood fluid in his lungs, it would be necessary that he be given Diuretics water pills that make the patient urinate

Performance distance Essay Example for Free

Performance distance Essay In â€Å" Embedded Learning Strategy Instruction: Story-Structure Pedagogy in Heterogenous Secondary Literature Classes†, Michael Faggela-Luby, Jean Schumaker, and Donald Deshler examine the problem of uneven learning structures among literature students. Their previous research found that a majority of secondary education level students were reading below the reading comprehension level appropriate for their age level. This was attributed to the inability of teachers to find a structure of teaching reading comprehension and story structure in a method that would both allow LD students to comprehend narrative story structures while still challenging higher level learning students. They present a number of relevant studies done over the years that have presented different story structure learning models to different focus groups of students to examine the results. However, these results are largely inconclusive because some studies failed to produce graphs that explained their results and others did not separate LD students from other students, therefore failing to examine the experimental structures in terms of these two distinguishable groups. Their research attempted to find a reading comprehension structure that could be applied to all levels of students and be used as a universal tool towards learning comprehension and story structure for students of all learning aptitudes and levels. They conducted a research experiment using 79 students to examine the effectiveness of the embedded-story structure. Some students were limited readers, while some were strong readers. Students taught in their regular classrooms with regular materials and were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group would use the embedded story structure (ESS) while the other would use the comprehensive skills instruction (CSI) method. A graph and statistical data was included to present the statistics of these two groups in terms of age, gender, and test scores. Another figure displayed the categories of self questioning, story structure analysis and summary writing that were utilized in ESS. The CSI group used the categories of vocabulary strategy, question-answer relationships, and semantic summary mapping. More tables listed the statistical information for which students received which test form. Results of all tests administered revealed data that proved learning improvement and comprehension advancement in students using the ESS method. These increases in comprehension were in the non-LD students on both lower and higher reading strengths. The conclusion seems to be that ESS benefits readers on any reading level, but does not necessarily provide marked improvement for LD students. The results of the research seem positive, and it seems that the ESS method could represent a solution to the problem of uneven learning comprehension in students at different reading levels. But one of the limitations pointed out by the researchers is that in the experiment, the teacher was also the researcher. I found this interesting because it helped to ensure study viability, but does not guarantee that improvement results would be the same with other teachers, which makes it questionable as to its practical application in the classroom. A possible solution to this, and a way to help ensure that ESS is being taught similarly at learning institutions everywhere, would be to implement an educational forum to instruct teachers how to properly utilize ESS in the classroom. This could also give teachers suggestions for implementing the method with LD students in an effort to give them the same benefit. Further research could be done into streamlining ESS to better benefit LD students and instructing teachers accordingly. The article, â€Å"Ensuring Content-Area Learning by Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities†, Donald D. Deshler, Jean B. Schumaker, B. Keith Lenz, Janice A. Bulgren, Michael F. Hock, Jim Knight and Barbara J, Ehren research the problem of preparing learning disabled students to handle heavier course loads and learning expectations at the secondary and high school level. They provide background statistics finding a large number of LD students that experience self-esteem issues at these school levels or drop out. A graph included shows the performance distance between LD students and the general population students they are often put in classes with and illustrates how the two groups acquire knowledge differently. The researchers examine dual elements of a study done at the University of Kansas Research Center on Learning. The purpose of the article was to examine the study done at KU-CRL and determine whether its dual-intervention approach was beneficial to LD students and could be implemented in classrooms at all levels. The researchers at KU-CRL found that there needed to be two levels of intervention to help LD students. The first, according to the authors, needed to be done by the teachers and involved implementing teaching strategies that were accessible to students on all learning backgrounds. The second focused more on the students themselves and teaching them learning and studying methods that helped them understand and comprehend material. There are five levels of intervention teachers can use to impact learning levels of students. They vary according to the methods of intervention used by the teacher and the direct impact on the student, ranging from implementing overall learning routines to providing the student with individual strategy structures designed for them. The authors cite studies in which these strategies of embedding learning have worked with limited results. They also point out that the method of delivery for the strategies is important to their effect. A model explains the inclusion strategy for use. Overall, the authors find all of the studies done on the KU-CRL research finds that general learning strategies can be beneficial to LD students to help them with learning comprehension, and that once these are implemented in the classroom that many LD students are able to utilize these strategies outside the classroom too. It recognizes that placing LD students in general classroom settings doesn’t mean that they will be able to learn successfully according to general strategies. I found this article interesting for its examination of the learning needs of the LD student at both the individual and institution-wide level. The authors stress that individual attention and tutoring are still vital when implementing these blanket learning strategies, and I think that’s important to remember. My recommendation if these intervention level learning strategies were to be implemented would be to simultaneously implement a tutoring program for LD students that find themselves requiring a different level of intervention or a different strategy than what is being implemented in the classroom. This would assist teachers attempting to implement the intervention model but still finding that some LD students aren’t receptive. This tutoring could also encourage LD students to keep learning new methods for knowledge comprehension. The authors also emphasized proper training and ongoing support for teachers implementing this learning strategy in the classroom and I think that’s important as well. Teachers learning a new approach for helping LD students in their classroom should have the benefit of accessing new research and findings into the most effective methods of teaching to bridge the gap between normally developed learners and LD students.

The Great Gatsby - Narrators Role in Establishing Theme Essay

The evolving character of an interactive narrator can help discern key themes in a novel. F. Scott Fitzgerald's social examination of life in America's Jazz Age relies heavily on Nick Carraway, the narrator, acting as a 'Trojan horse' for Fitzgerald to smuggle his own ideologies into The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald endorses realist class relations as power relations over the romantic and archaic 'Jeffersonian dream of simple agrarian value'. He also favours the view that the American upper class's 'carpe diem' approach to life placed capitalist society in a moral downwards spiral, instead of conforming to mainstream ideas of the Age such as 'money can buy happiness'. Nick?s statement that people are only ?pursued? (generally the upper classes, being chased due to their lifestyle) or ?pursuing? (chasing the lifestyle of the pursued). These mutually exclusive states mean that Nick believes all the characters with which he interacts can be stratified into one of these two groups, seemingly based on class. The narrator also claims that people can also be ?busy and?tired?. Again, these two vaguer classes cannot exist together. At first examination it may seem that this ?black and white? observation of the members of Gatsby?s America is shortsighted. However at that stage on the novel Nick is entitled to make such a judgement. Immediately after Nick?s thought entered his ?heady? mind, he had just learnt the purpose of ?purposeless splendour? from Jordan: that Gatsby had moved to West Egg to be close to Daisy. This ?pursuing? of Daisy, the ?five years? of busy waiting, is certainly a revelation to the reader, and to Nick. Nick also says that he had forgotten about ?Daisy and Gatsby?, though it still must have played on his subcons... ...towards her old family (?Do they miss me), these all serve to promote Fitzgerald?s endorsed theme of the corruption of the traditional values of the West, and how the ?Money can buy happiness? myth sends society into a downwards spiral. The way that Nick Carraway, as an interactive narrator, relates to different characters (and what they stand for) in the novel conveys the extent to which Fitzgerald endorses or challenges that character?s ideologies. Nick tarnishes all characters with a cynical, stratifying brush in order to smuggle in the main ideologies of the text by creating a pastiche of these themes. Nick?s black-and-white thought of the ?pursuing, the pursued, the busy and the tired? serves to reinforce the contrast of what is endorsed and challenged through the book, via the medium of the narrator?s interaction with different creations of the author.

Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic Theory

In the early 20th century, German scientist Alfred Wegener published a book explaining his theory that the continental landmasses, far from being immovable, were drifting across the Earth. He called this movement continental drift. Wegener noticed that the coasts of western Africa and eastern South America looked like the edges of interlocking pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. He was not the first to notice this, but he was the first to formally present evidence suggesting that the two continents had once been connected. Wegener was convinced that the two continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass that had split apart. He knew that the two areas had many geological and biological similarities. For example, fossils of the ancient reptile mesosaurus are only found in southern Africa and South America. Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile only one meter (3. 3 feet) long, could not have swum the Atlantic Ocean. The presence of mesosaurus suggests a single habitat with many lakes and rivers. Wegener believed that all the continents—not just Africa and South America—had once been joined in a single supercontinent. This huge ancient landmass is known as Pangaea, which means â€Å"all lands† in Greek. Pangaea existed about 240 million years ago. By about 200 million years ago, this supercontinent began breaking up. Over millions of years, Pangaea separated into pieces that moved away from one another. These pieces slowly assumed their present positions as the continents. PLATE TECTONIC THEORY Plate tectonics is the theory that the outer rigid layer of the earth (the lithosphere) is divided into a couple of dozen â€Å"plates† that move around across the earth's surface relative to each other, like slabs of ice on a lake. There are seven or eight major plates and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually. Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has a higher strength and lower density than the underlying asthenosphere. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge and drag, downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and the Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors is unclear, and is still subject to debate. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor were developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Fun Facts: * The highest mountain range above sea level, the Himalayas, was formed 55 million years ago when the Eurasian and Indo-Australian continental plates converged. Due to ongoing convergence, the Himalayas, including Mount Everest, continue to rise by approximately 2 centimeters (?1 inch) each year. * The Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs down the center of the Atlantic Ocean. Along its crest, the ridge has a deep rift valley that, on average, is similar to the depth and width of the Grand Canyon: 1 to 3 kilometers (0. 6 -1. 8 miles) deep and 6. 5 to 29 kilometers (4-18 miles) wide. * Scientists are able to calculate average rates of tectonic plate movement for a given time period. These rates of movement range widely. For example, the rate of spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near Iceland is relatively slow, about 2. 5 centimeters (1 inch) per year. This is similar to the rate at which fingernails grow. The fastest known rate of plate movement, 15 centimeters (6 inches) per year, occurs on the East Pacific Rise in the South Pacific. SEAFLOOR SPREADING Seafloor spreading is a process of plate tectonics. New oceanic crust is created as large slabs of the Earth's crust split apart from each other and magma wells up to fill the gap. The large slabs of rock that make up the Earth’s crust are called tectonic plates. As they slowly move away from each other beneath the ocean floor, hot magma from the Earth’s mantle bubbles to the surface. This magma is then cooled by seawater. The new rock forms a new part of the Earth’s crust. Seafloor spreading occurs along mid-ocean ridges—large mountain ranges rising from the ocean floor. New bodies of water and even continents can be created through seafloor spreading. The Red Sea, for example, was created through seafloor spreading, as the African plate and the Arabian plate tear away from each other. Today, the northern Sinai Peninsula connects the Middle East (Asia) with North Africa. Eventually, geologists predict, seafloor spreading will expand the Red Sea so that it will completely separate the two continents. . Seafloor spreading disproves an early part of the theory of continental drift. Continental drift was one of the first theories that the Earth's crust was dynamic and always in motion. Supporters of continental drift originally theorized that the continents moved (drifted) through unmoving oceans. Seafloor spreading proves that the ocean floor itself is the site of tectonic activity. Subduction is the opposite of seafloor spreading. Subduction happens where tectonic plates crash into each other instead of spreading apart. In subduction zones, the edge of the heavier plate subducts, or slides, beneath the lighter one. It then melts back into the Earth's mantle. Seafloor spreading creates new crust. Subduction destroys old crust. The two forces roughly balance each other, so the shape and diameter of the Earth remains constant.

Relationships in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre Essay

‘To what extent is Jane Eyre influenced by relationships in chapters 1-10 in the novel?’ Relationships are a key theme in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. Throughout the novel we see the rise and fall of Jane, all most importantly due to relationships. This starts primarily with her lack of relationship with her parents, as she was orphaned when she was very young, she has no idea what it is like to love or to be loved and we see her strive to find out these feelings throughout the novel, until finally she achieves it, but the journey towards this is deeply important. In chapters one and two we see the basis of Jane’s view of relationships through her connection with the Reed’s. Firstly Mrs Reed does her upmost to make sure Jane is excluded from her and her ‘contented, happy, little children’ we as readers see this as a cruel act from Mrs Reed, she does not care that Jane is deeply unhappy because Jane is not one of her children, therefore she does not see it as her duty to care for her emotionally and thinks by punishing her and excluding her from the family that this will teach Jane to be a ‘contented child’ however we as readers see that this causes Jane to be deeply troubled within herself. This leads to Jane not only resenting Mrs Reed but also her children as they have been taught that Jane is a ‘dependant’ especially John who ultimately sees himself as above Jane in every aspect of life, he believes that Jane is just scavenging off them and this causes him to act in a horrific and bullying manor towards Jane. This causes Jane to act in a way she ordinarily would not, she even says herself that it causes ‘sensations for the time predominated over fear’ she feels so angry and let down that she finally stands up for herself. Therefore this influences Jane in a way that she feels like nobody will ever truly love her and she feels very much an outcast, this causes Jane to act in a way that even she herself expresses that she does not want to, she is cold and unloving and strives desperately to be appreciated but of course, this all happens in vain. We also see Jane to act very irrationally towards Mrs Reed, she deeply wants her to love her, yet w hen it comes down to it and she realises Mrs Reed never will she has an explosion of anger and tells Mrs Reed all the things that have been stewing up in her mind for so long; ‘I am glad you are no relation of mine. I will never call you aunt again as long as I live. I will never come to visit you when I am grown up; and if anyone asks me how I liked you, and how you treated me, I will say the very thought of you makes me sick. . . .† this we  see as Jane being bitter towards Mrs Reed which we learn in later chapters as a very uncharacteristic feature of Jane Eyre, she is usually forgiving. The relationship between Jane and the nursery maid; Bessie is an important one, in the first few chapters we see Bessie as being somewhat cruel and dismissive of Jane compared to the other Reed children, she does not feel a connection towards Jane as she is not as pretty or funny as the other children therefore Bessie does not see her appeal. However after the event in the red room we see a change with Bessie’s attitude towards Jane, she turns somewhat softer as we see her feel sorry for Jane and how hard Mrs Reed is on her. This is an extremely important turning point in the novel as we see Jane in the chapters leading up to this as very self involved and saddened as she has no one to love, yet as soon as Bessie softens to Jane and tells her that she can sympathise with the position she’s been put in she tells Jane ‘I don’t dislike you, Miss; I believe I am fonder of you than of all the others.’ This affects Jane greatly and we see a completely different little girl, she seems to talk which much more glee and excitement and even for her ‘life had its gleams of sunshine’. So we see how much relationships influence Jane and her attitudes in the novel, relationships affect Jane and how her personality is. In chapter five Jane meets Helen Burns, Helen is also an orphan and see’s the school as somewhat of a sanctuary even though she is constantly picked upon by the teacher. Helen is Jane’s first friend but more importantly she becomes Jane’s best friend and we see as the relationship grows that Helen deeply influences Jane, she teaches her to be less excitable and too see the best in others, a quality that Jane desperately needs after her experience with the Reed’s. She teaches Jane to be self sacrificing when she tells her ‘it is far better to endure patiently a smart which nobody feels but yourself, than to commit a hasty action whose evil consequences will extend to all connected with you’. Helen believes that you should suffer pain yourself than have others see and feel an action that you may regret when you have calmed down. Jane learns from this and this causes Jane to be a character who thinks beyond this life and onto the next with God. We see Jane finds this as a great comfort and now instead of looking onto God as something to be feared, she looks at him as somewhat of a comfort, especially after Helen dies of typhoid. Helen believes that after she dies she is going to be with her family and loved  ones and most importantly with God, therefore she does not fear death and although Jane is deeply distraught by the death of the only friend she’s ever had in the world, the fact that she will, if she lives correctly see her again is a great comfort. This shows the importance of friendship throughout the novel and how with Jane having the comfort of a friend she can be the person that she has always wanted to be, thanks to Helen Jane finds herself acting more appropriately and being able to handle her anger. Therefore this relationship has greatly affected Jane as she strives to be more like Helen. Relationships are of key importance to Bronte writing about Jane Eyre, it is how she expresses her feelings of how relationships have perhaps affected her and it shows how deeply the lack of love can affect someone. This novel is primarily about love, whether it being a lack of love or so much love that it turns into passion, Jane strives to feel this emotion and closeness with anyone who will allow her to be their friend. Therefore relationships are a key influence to Jane Eyre, they affect how she acts and how she feels and without them, as we learn in the first few chapters, life can be a very lonely existence.

Jamaica essays

Jamaica essays The country of Jamaica has an ideal location. Located just south of Cuba, it is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea with 10,990 km ². Although the capital is Kingston, there are many other important centers of trade and business. The official language is English and the major religion is Protestantism. Transportation in Jamaica connects the entire country and movement thought out the island is very easy. There is a coastal highway traveling the whole coast. Air Jamaica and cruise ships make traveling to and from the island very easy. But despite all of the joys, there are very serious human-environmental interactions present. Mining on the island causes serve pollution and soil erosion. Most of the natural rainforest is destroyed. But the many beautiful beaches seem to make all of the worries disappear. The history of Jamaica starts at about 1000 AD when a Tiano tribe called the Arawaks crossed the Caribbean Sea in canoes to settle on the island. The Arawaks lived in simple villages, relying on fishing and hunting for substance. They lived there peacefully for 500 years until Columbus landed at Discovery Bay in 1494. The contact with the Spanish was very traumatic to the Arawaks. Within 70 to 100 years of first contact, the entire Arawaks population was eliminated, leaving only a few artifacts behind. With the natural inhabitants gone, the Spanish had unlimited control over the island. Since the island had no rich abundant gold sources, it meant little to the Spanish Crown. Instead, Jamaica was used as a base in which to launch attacks on the rest of the Americas. The population of Jamaica, even its capital Santiago de la Vega (now Spanish Town) never grew very large and was easy to capture. The British, after failed to capture Hispaniola, needed a solid base in the Caribbean. So in 1655, Admirals Penn and Venables attacked the sparsely defended island of Jamaica. Having little importance to the...

Common Examples of Uncountable Sets

Common Examples of Uncountable Sets Not all infinite sets are the same. One way to distinguish between these sets is by asking if the set is countably infinite or not. In this way, we say that infinite sets are either countable or uncountable. We will consider several examples of infinite sets and determine which of these are uncountable.​ Countably Infinite We begin by ruling out several examples of infinite sets. Many of the infinite sets that we would immediately think of are found to be countably infinite. This means that they can be put into a one-to-one correspondence with the natural numbers. The natural numbers, integers, and rational numbers are all countably infinite. Any union or intersection of countably infinite sets is also countable. The Cartesian product of any number of countable sets is countable. Any subset of a countable set is also countable. Uncountable The most common way that uncountable sets are introduced is in considering the interval (0, 1) of real numbers. From this fact, and the one-to-one function f( x ) bx a. it is a straightforward corollary to show that any interval (a, b) of real numbers is uncountably infinite. The entire set of real numbers is also uncountable. One way to show this is to use the one-to-one tangent function f ( x ) tan x. The domain of this function is the interval (-π/2, π/2), an uncountable set, and the range is the set of all real numbers. Other Uncountable Sets The operations of basic set theory can be used to produce more examples of uncountably infinite sets: If A is a subset of B and A is uncountable, then so is B. This provides a more straightforward proof that the entire set of real numbers is uncountable.If A is uncountable and B is any set, then the union A U B is also uncountable.If A is uncountable and B is any set, then the Cartesian product A x B is also uncountable.If A is infinite (even countably infinite) then the power set of A is uncountable. Two other examples, which are related to one another are somewhat surprising. Not every subset of the real numbers is uncountably infinite (indeed, the rational numbers form a countable subset of the reals that is also dense). Certain subsets are uncountably infinite. One of these uncountably infinite subsets involves certain types of decimal expansions. If we choose two numerals and form every possible decimal expansion with only these two digits, then the resulting infinite set is uncountable. Another set is more complicated to construct and is also uncountable. Start with the closed interval [0,1]. Remove the middle third of this set, resulting in [0, 1/3] U [2/3, 1]. Now remove the middle third of each of the remaining pieces of the set. So (1/9, 2/9) and (7/9, 8/9) is removed. We continue in this fashion. The set of points that remain after all of these intervals are removed is not an interval, however, it is uncountably infinite. This set is called the Cantor Set. There are infinitely many uncountable sets, but the above examples are some of the most commonly encountered sets.

All Politics is Local Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

All Politics is Local - Essay Example Moreover, games both online and offline and smart phones are getting attention of learners. (Wagner et al.3) Laptops, videotapes, flash drives, cell phones, cell phones, networks, printers, tablets, computers, scanners, class management software programs, interactive whiteboards, internet technology and gaming consoles have one way or the other affected today’s schools. They have created a division in education system globally. In some way, technology use has serve schools well; modern technology has equalized educational opportunities and is playing an important role in all stakeholders who include parents, students, administrators, teachers, and school communities. For instance, Modern technology has removed geographical and generational barriers from learners; it has also lowered the cost of operational and instructional delivery of modes. This has also facilitated student-center education by allowing student to be more actively involved in technology-driven studying proces s and improve the quality of education aiming at individuals and it has made easier for remedial classes among individual students. Technology has been revolving in order to make studying process more efficient at a manageable cost. This has made legislators, policymakers, governors to have a tough time each year while trying to make attractive choices when it comes to educational improvement options. They have to know whether to use technology to invest in teacher training, class size reduction, or textbooks and tests. First, let us focus how technology has eliminated geographical and other barriers; internet connection has enabled everyone to get any online programs from any place in the globe it has brought impact in educational system. Any location someone is even it is overseas, one can access online program easily. Actually, the isolation or the geographical distance does not matter as it once did. The unseen web has, made a sense of togetherness possible to the whole world, b ecause the virtual classrooms have taken away geographical and time separation across the world. The classes are now archive, whereby someone can hold more jobs a day and later view or listen to class work later. In addition, modern institutions offer massive open online courses for free in order to reach on students from anywhere free so that they can cut the cost o education. Secondly, modern technology has reduced the cost of instructional operation; the overall operational cost of running a school has reduced by far with the use of modern technology. We know that running a brick and mortar school is costly than running an online school. No money I needed to invest in building infrastructure such as dormitories, library, classrooms, and other needed facilities such as parking lots. We do not need all this facilities in online programs, for instances, we can have ebray or cbrary created from consortium of schools from online school. Cybrary will make students who are registered to get resources of this consolidated library. Modern technology enables students and schools to leave behind a very small copy of carbon footprints as stunts do not go anywhere thus saving gas and making their cars to last because there is no wear and tear. The money saved from gas, for instances, can be used to upgrade the laptops o purchasing a quicker internet service provider. The initial cost of putting an online I very cheap compared to starting a traditional school. There is no need of many material things in starting

Principles and Practice of Psychosocial Rehabilitation (mental Essay

Principles and Practice of Psychosocial Rehabilitation (mental nursing) - Essay Example It is reported that the rehabilitation unit helped Mr. Brayan to develop living skills such as cognition, using laundry, cooking food etc. Psychosocial Rehabilitation is the process in which the psychiatric patients are trained systematically to bring back them to the active participation in the society. â€Å"Psychiatric rehabilitation aims to improve the functioning and quality of life of individuals with psychiatricdisabilities due to serious mental illnesses†. (Rudnick 2003, p.1). â€Å"The strategies adopted for the management of schizophrenia may differ from one country to other country and may influence motivational readiness for change. For this purpose, rehabilitation approaches like vocational training, employment guidance, cognitive behavioural therapy, and psychosocial methods were included. In addition, issues surrounding gender differences, scarcity of resources, conventional medicine, and importance on family role were also need to be considered for the rehabilitation of patients.† (Review of Literature, p. 2.). The recovery is the objective of the psychosocial rehabilitation. In this case study the Psychosocial Rehabilitation of a patient suffering from Schizophrenia in Shellharbour Hospital Mental Health Rehabilitation Unit is done. The aim of the rehabilitation is to enhance the quality of life of the patient named Brayne, who is a 45 years old male with chronic Paranoid Schizophrenia. Brayne lives alone. His functioning at home was very poor. He was not able to manage his finance and his condition make him vulnerable to the extend of exploitation by other. These conditions often leave him without sufficient money towards the end of each fortnight for basic necessities such as food and transport. He came to rehabilitation in need of help in Shellharbour Hospital to learn many skills like how to use kitchen for cooking, how to use the laundry etc. The case study further explains about the rehabilitation program that is carried out in the Mental

To what extent were male and female adolescents' reading preferences Essay

To what extent were male and female adolescents' reading preferences gendered over the twentieth century, and did this change over time - Essay Example As the century progressed, research regarding the adolescent stage of life began to reveal that the angst of adolescence is not born of a single unavoidable cause, as had been previously thought, but rather is a complex relation between physical changes, social issues and cultural preparedness. These studies revealed the close relationship that could be traced through the adolescent’s development and how this reflected the signs of the times. Beginning with a brief overview of the changing theories regarding this age group in both physical and developmental contexts as they pertain to reading choice, an examination into the reading choices of adolescent girls and boys from the early 20th century, to approximately mid-century to more present times will prove enlightening regarding how changing roles in the greater society has had an effect, perhaps a reciprocal effect, upon the reading choices of adolescents working to define their own identity in a changing world. Concepts of adolescence in the early part of the 20th century seemed to be divided between one of two schools. One group of theorists believed the insanity of adolescence was more or less unavoidable as a natural outcome of the physiological changes that were taking place with the onset of puberty and the subsequent societal role changes expected (Blanchard, 1924: 15). The adolescent became overwhelmed with trying to adjust to physical changes at the same time that they were expected to take on new responsibilities and behaviours. According to this view, adolescence for both boys and girls was a time of great physical change, causing more hormones to be released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands and throwing the entire physical system into an imbalance to which it requires time to adjust (Zorbaugh & Payne, 1935: 373-374). The mental issues of extreme unhappiness, extreme happiness, rebellion, mood swings and other seeming psychoses are simply the

The Role Of A Job Description Business Essay

The Role Of A Job Description Business Essay Job descriptions are the duties and requirements that are necessary for the recruitment of an employee. It is a list of general chores, duties and role of the employee for a specific and general job. Without job description a person cannot perform his role accordingly. In simple words job description is the basic or main responsibilities that an employee is supposed to perform for any organisation or company. Any job description must contain these things a) A job summary b) A list of job function c) Requirements d) Other information a) A job summary A job summary means detail information regarding the general tasks and duties of the job. b) A list of job functions It means the list of those functions and duties that an employee needs to perform his duty. c) Requirements For different jobs there are different requirements. The job description must contain the specific requirements for the job. d) Other requirements If there are any other requirements for a specific job a job description explains those relevant requirements. There are two types of job descriptions one is known as general job description and the other one is known as specific job description. The difference between both is described as under. General Job description is a list of general duties and functions that are required for a position. In general job description we will straightway get the knowledge that we need to contact for applying a job and we also do not need to read extra details about the company or the job. If an ad of a job is short and brief and does not explain any specific duty that a person needs to perform then it comes under general job description. For example if there is an ad that says that a company needs a manager, but does not explains any details regarding the requirement of the job. It comes under general jobs description. In specific job description the employee needs some specific qualifications or skills to perform his/her job. Sometimes it also explains some extra information regarding benefits, allowances and nature of the job. For example if there is an ad that says company needs a manager who must have computer skills, needs some experience in public dealing and also explains the information regarding pay, tax, working hours, then its comes under specific job description. The purpose of job description is to have the clear summary of liabilities and tasks. Job description plays a very important role in organizational resource management .It develops an organisation in managing and improving the abilities of the people in the following ways:- a) It provides the origin of assessing job performance. b) It explains that what an employer is expecting from his employee in the performance of his duties. c) By job description the grading and pay systems can be organised honestly and rationally. If there is any dispute or issue of employer/employee job description provides necessary reference tools for that purpose. e) Job description describes the necessary reference implements for discipline matters. f) It describes the clear role of the candidate for the job. g) It describes the structure, rules and regulations for a company or an organization to guarantee obligatory deeds, liabilities and tasks. It provides foundation to measure performance of a job. It provides necessary ideas for development and training. Job description enables an organization to organise its function in a constant mode and by this way an organisation can increase its effectiveness and success. Q No: Design a job description reflecting strategies of recruitment team? A job description explains duties, abilities, efforts and responsibilities, as well as working atmosphere, experience. RGIS is a company that provides inventory services to its customers. The job that we have selected for discussion is AUDITORS of the company. RGIS Inventory takers are members of a team that work together to physically count inventory for companys clients and enter information into RGIS equipment. Inventory to be counted varies from place to place and client to client. The items that needs to be counted are located at different places and various heights. In every store usually Inventory takes 5-6 hours to be done but sometimes it may takes longer than that depends upon the size of the place and numbers of items to be counted. All the auditors are given proper training before starting their jobs, in which they learn how to use the equipment, way of counting, how to work as a team, to give good performance even under pressure, follow company rules, count fast and accurate. To become an auditor of the company minimum age limit is 18 years. He needs to be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide in all units of measure with whole numbers, common fractions and decimals either with the calculator or 10-key audit. If he has some experience working as team in a customer services that would be preferable. He must have proper CRB check. In RGIS every single employee is given an equal opportunity of getting promotion according to their performance during their job. An auditor needs to be capable of using hand held computers and other inventory tools. He has to establish average per hour count goals along with accuracy and fast speed. He has to follow all the company polices and procedures. He needs to be capable of working in different shifts and different hours, sometime shorter and some time longer. He should be capable of working in different environments such as warehouse, stores etc. He should narrate information clearly and accurately both in writing form and verbally. He must have the ability to fulfil the other duties as ask by the management. While counting, the auditor has to stand for longer hours and needs to be very efficient. Some time he has to work for extended period of time so he also needs to be flexible. He needs to keep balance while counting stock from ladder as during work he has to use ladder and step up to 8 high. As auditor has to go different places for away and nearby so he should be able to travel by car and plane i ncluding overnight stays. This job is suitable for the person who wants to earn some extra money and want to work with flexible hours. The best thing working in RGIS is that you can work hours of your own choice. In RGIS there are different categories of auditors. In the beginning they are recruited as an auditor but if they work hard and devotedly they can reach the highest post of the company. After auditor they become specialist and then an expert. There are two types of counters one is single scanner and the other one is multiple counter. The person who can do both types of count fast and accurate is known as expert. After becoming an expert there are doors open for the auditors to take further training and to apply for the higher post in the company that is supervisor, area manager etc. MARKETING Marketing means the procedure to create, communicate, deliver and exchange the offers that are important and valuable for the customers, clients and partners. Marketing is a process through which a company develop its business. Marketing is used to grip, detect and satisfy the customer. To achieve an organizational goal it is very necessary to understand the requirements and demands of the market and to satisfy those demands and requirements. The word marketing suggests that to achieve a target an organization should fulfil the demands of the customers in advance and to satisfy them. OPERATIONS Operation means the regular actions which are necessary for the running of a business or an organization. Operation converts supply or data inputs into desired result to generate and value the customers. In concept, it is a modest plan Make clients delay longer, and fewer of them will come back. But real exercise is difficult. The fresh advertising advantage becomes reasons in changing operating developments that rise customer service. The increase in waiting times shakes different market sections inversely, but generally causes a decrease in customer gratification, and therefore, repurchases. Consequently, the marketing creativity has costs, as well as beneficial. Manipulating those prices, though, is far from a simple matter. Lately, industrial influences have been given much less courtesy than promotion issues as a main part in positive company policy. Though, as early as 1969, Harvard University Professor Wickham Skinner claimed that manufacturing was a lost connection in business tactic. He recommended that directors incline to evade participation in manufacturing strategy creation, and manufacturing managers are unaware of business plan and a function that could be a valued advantage and tool of business policy develops an obligation instead. Hayes and Wheelwright recommend that there has been a rising gratitude that manufacturing can be a tough modest weapon if armed and achieved correctly, and that a key to doing that is the growth of an intelligible manufacturing strategy. In addition, they claim that modest strategy can only be fruitful when industrial strategy works in concert with the other efficient policies. A current study by Hanna and Stahl establish that the topmost business companies highlight quality/ consistency and to a smaller grade customer service factors in their company plans. However, these studies were made among big companies. They suppose that trade aspects would be given substantial position in business plan in many corporations since typically the proprietors of small business companies have their background in mechanical extents. Development in product value and decrease in product price were the two policy features which were mostly designated as the main donors to enhanced firm performance. This result is reinforced by other trainings about the position of strategic factors in trading. In the marketing zone, there was a broader variation between companies with respect to the most important factors, and no specific policies seemed to be strongly favoured. Numerous studies of the dynamic edge between marketing and operations are found in. Though, most of the previous work has considered the subtleties of the marketing-operations interface using only one product with deterministic requirements. For instance, the above-cited work by Porteus and Whang has measured a single-period model with numerous end-products. The quoted Porteus and Whang model emphases on developing suitable inducements to make the exertions of selfish marketing and operations managers result in a worldwide optimum. Neither that model nor the other above-cited models, however, emphasis on connections between different makes and the effect of rivalry. Marketing estimates of product ingesting and forecasts of the success of imminent marketing policies to trade a product is very vital to operative administration which base product manufacture agendas on marketing estimates and calculations. Though, marketing is an enormously active area and, therefore, a good market model for a specific product group must reflect a wide variety of variables to confirm the best model possible. Heretofore none of the studies or research accepted have adequately carried composed or proposed a combined system which permits for inter-firm collaboration/policymaking between marketing and operative administration using a comprehensive market model which is geared to produce products and permits for numerous contestants, marketing plans, expected customer ingesting, communication with like product brands, and overall market fitness. The comparative status of these actions and marketing policy aspects for secure presentation was also verified. The consequences of a numerous reversion study, using real trade development as the reliant on variable, specified that the most creative policy features were developments in service to the customer, enhancements in fresh material excellence and upgrading in preparation. However, these policies seemed to benefit only those firms where a) whole business demand was rising and b) there was significant hi-tech alteration happening in the business. Astonishingly, stress on the marketing strategy issues did not seem to be a main causal issue in sales evolution. Upgrading in service to the customer, though, it is also a procedure feature which may have a significant marketing module as well. Q No 4: Importance of qualification, sustainability for an organization in job description? Ans: A job description helps an employee to understand that what performance he needs to show and what are the expectations from him. The job description helps the employee to realise the clear scope of their job and their position in the organisation. For any job qualification is a very important factor. Qualification gives the information about the skills of a candidate. It explains that what necessary education or specific skills are required for a particular job and either a person is eligible for a certain position or not. In modern business period training plays a substantial role. To beat the competitors it is essential not only to equip your staff but also to provide necessary training along with the required needs of time. There are certain reasons to give training to the staff. The fast revolution of technology has influenced the workplace and has made it essential for people to appraise their knowledge and skills. People have to work in different fields and categories whic h generally demand far more from their extent of specialty. To fulfil the future manpower needs of organisation training is very necessary. Change in management style, for personal development and for the advancement of career training and development is very essential. By training and development an organisation can achieve its target more effectively and more quickly. For sustainability, employers would have to share an idea to develop a sustainability strategy for the expansion of organizations budget, employment model, to expand a capital model and to secure funding. Workforce planning is the procedure to consider a companys current and future employment requirements. If the workforce planning is effective it helps a company to identify and plan how to tackle their current and future workforce challenges and significances. The easiest way for the development of workforce is to find the exact number of people, having precise abilities in the accurate position at the perfect time. The organization should keep into consideration the number of employees but also keep in mind the necessary abilities that are essential for the business. The organization has to increase its manufacturing abilities. There are some examples to show that the abilities and knowledge are essential for job description. If a person is highly educated and has some extra qualif ication with some specialization degree he would be a preferable candidate for a job. An employee must contain sufficient knowledge to manage transform in an administration and to develop and apply efficient plans. He should be self-appealing and has the competency to work on his own proposals. Good communication power is very necessary as he should be capable of communicating with the executives in different aspects. All these examples show that qualification and sustainability are very important for an organization in job description. Job description helps the person to apply for the exact position in the organization and also helps the organization to choose the appropriate person for the required position. Conclusion

The Past, Present and Future of the Hubble Space Telescope :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Throughout the ages, humans have been looking for a way to see into the past. In the year 1990, astronomers from NASA made this possible. Sending the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit with the space shuttle Discovery, NASA would make historical discoveries beyond their wildest dreams. Earlier this year they discovered a galaxy approximately 13 billion light years from Earth. Viewing the object at 750 million years after the big bang, scientists have looked into a time shortly after the "Dark Ages," a time before the first galaxies and quasars were formed. This incredible discovery was made with the aid of a cluster of galaxies known as Abell 2218. Being as massive as it is, Abell 2218 bends and amplifies any light that passes through it, working as a natural telescope ("Hubble"). The Hubble Space Telescope has become a great and valuable astronomic tool that NASA says is too costly and dangerous to keep running, a decision that may be premature. Originally planned to launch in 1986, the Hubble Space Telescope has seen its share of problems. Starting with the explosion of the Challenger space shuttle, the Hubble's birth into space was delayed four years (Raven). On April 24, 1990, NASA put the telescope into orbit, only to discover that its primary mirror had a systematic aberration. To fix the problem, a mission in December 1993 set out on the space shuttle Endeavor. The astronauts of the Endeavor replaced the High Speed Photometer with the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR). This device was designed to correct the aberration of the primary mirror. Even before the Endeavor mission, the space telescope produced many interesting images and was much more accurate than any Earth telescope. With the lack of atmosphere, the HST can look at objects at an angular distance of only 0.05 arcs second apart. The traditional ground-based telescopes can only resolve images about 0.5 arcs second apart, even under perfect sky conditions. With the new improvements, the HST could perform at the level for which it was designed. It could more accurately calculate the rate at which a galaxy is "receding from the Milky Way as a function of their distance" (qtd. in "Hubble"). For those confused by that statement: the HST would take a picture of a galaxy at one point and three seconds later (or any other given amount of time) take another pictur e of the galaxy and measure how much farther away it is.

Sor Juana Ines de La Cruz

Sor Juana Inà ©s de la Cruz was an exceptional seventeenth-century nun who set precedents for feminism long before the term or concept existed. Her â€Å"Respuesta† is a maverick work outlining the logical sense of women’s education more than 200 years before Woolf’s â€Å"A Room of One’s Own.† Her poetry, meanwhile, states in bold language the potency of the feminine in both love and religion. Juana Inà ©s Ramirez was born out of wedlock to Isabel Ramirez and Manuel de Asbaje in a small village in Mexico, New Spain. Manuel soon abandoned the family, so mother and child spent a great deal of time with Juana’s grandfather, Pedro Ramirez. It was in Pedro’s book-filled house that Juana learned to read. (Girls of her time were rarely, if ever, formally educated.) The door to learning then burst open — the young prodigy would embark upon a life shaped and shaken by intellectual inquiry. She quickly gained renown in society and became a lady-in-waiting in the court of the Spanish viceroy. Yet she soon left the court for the nunnery; practically speaking, this was the best way for an illegitimately born woman to secure the time and resources for scholarship. But Sor Juana did not shut herself away in an ascetic cell. She started out as a novice in the Carmelite order, but the order's predilection for little sleep and self-flagellation repelled her after a few months. Eventually she found a sect that was more her speed as a lady of letters and a former courtier: the order of San Jerà ³nimo gave her an entire suite of her own, complete with bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, library, and servant. Her library — which held Mexico’s largest book collection — developed into a meeting-place for the intellectual elite. Those who frequented the salon included future viceroy Marquis de La Laguna and the Countess de Pareda, known to her intimates as Maria Luisa.

Research Ethics Stanford Prison Experiment Summary Essay

The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was conducted in 1971 at Stanford University in the basement of the psychology building. Philip Zimbardo as lead researcher headed the research team to study the impact of situational variables on human behaviour. Zimbardo and his team advertised for volunteers to a social experiment offering $15 in payment per day. Wanting to examine the â€Å"dark side† of human nature, applicants were required to have no criminal record, no psychological issues and no major medical conditions. Each of the 70 applicants were psychologically tested and the 24 most â€Å"normal† were selected to take part in the SPE. The 24 selected participants were then divided into two groups randomly, with one half being prisoners and the other half being guards. The guards were taken to the mock prison before the prisoners arrived to help in the final stages of the prison’s construction and to help select their military style uniforms, this was to give the guards a sense of ownership over the prison environment. Alternatively the prisoners were surprised with real police and authentic processing before being incarcerated into the prison. Despite it being an artificially created environment the guards and prisoners quickly altered their behaviour in response to the situational variables of the experiment. Prisoners were dehumanized and their individuality stripped away, while the guards became increasingly more sadistic and degrading towards the prisoners. After the guards crushed an early attempted rebellion by the prisoners, one prisoner was released for acting irrationally to a point that seemed pathological. After this some of the prisoners became super-conformist, following rules to the letter. While other prisoners began to act crazy in an effort to passively escape like the first released prisoner. The guards fell into three categories with some acting sadistically and degrading towards the prisoners, others going completely by the book and some guards acting kindly and doing small favours for the prisoners. None of guards ever intervened or questioned the actions of other guards however no matter what kind of guard they were. The experiment was terminated early after just six days when an outsider, a recent PhD graduate came in from the outside and saw how out of control the experiment had become. Ethical issues that arose during the SPE were the harm done to the participants. Guards were allowed to inflict real pain and humiliation on the prisoners over an extended period of time. The experiment was allowed to continue for longer than it should have because the participants and observers fell too deeply into their roles. There was also little or no regard for the participants’ confidentiality during the SPE.